LEARNING. Vocab, Concepts
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| habituation | decline in response to stimulus once the stimulus has become familiar
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| dishabituation | increase in responsiveness when something novel is presented, following a series of something familiar
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| Classical Conditioning | form of learning, one stimulus is /paired/ with another so that the organism learns a /relationship/ between the stimuli
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| unconditioned stimulus (US) [CLASSICAL CONDITIONING] | stimulus that reliably triggers a particular response (UR) without prior training
e.g. food in animal's mouth
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| unconditioned response (UR) [CLASSICAL CONDITIONING] | response elicited by unconditioned stimulus without prior training
e.g. salivation due to food
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) [CLASSICAL CONDITIONING] | initially neutral stimulus, that comes to elicit a new response (CR) due to pairings with the US
e.g. bell, after conditioning, signals food
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| conditioned response (CR) [CLASSICAL CONDITIONING] | response elicited by initially neutral stimulus CS, after it has been repeatedly paired with an US
e.g. salivation due to ringing of bell
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| second-order conditioning [CLASSICAL] | form of learning where:
1) neutral stimulus is first made meaningful through classical conditioning
2) that stimulus (now CS) is paired with new, neutral stimulus, until the 2nd stimulus also elicits conditioned response
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| extinction | weakening of a learned response that is produced if a CS is now repeatedly presented without the US
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| spontaneous recovery | reappearance of an extinguished response after a period in which no further conditioning trials have been presented
(CS elicits CR again)
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| stimulus generalization | tendency for stimuli similar to those used during learning to elicit a reaction similar to the learned response
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| discrimination | aspect of learning, organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that have been associated with a US (or reinforcement), and stimuli that have not
e.g. Loud horn (US) with red light (CS+) vs. no horn (no US) with orange light (CS-)
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| inhibitor | stimulus signaling that an event is not coming, which elicits a response opposite to the one that the event usually elicits
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| contiguity | CS and US arrive close to each other in time
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| contingency | CS provides info about US's arrival, and is the key to classical conditioning
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| blocking effect | result showing that an animal learns nothing about a stimulus if the stimulus provides no new information
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| compensatory response | a response (CR) that offsets the effects of the upcoming US
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| instrumental conditioning | form of learning, participant receives a reinforcer only after performing the desired response, and therby learns a relationship between the response and the reinforcer
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| law of effect [INSTRUMENTAL] | Thorndike's theory that a response followed by a reward will be strengthened, whereas a response followed by no reward (or by punishment) will be weakened
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| operant [INSTRUMENTAL] | In Skinner's system, an instrumental response that is defined by its effect (the way it operates) on the environment
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| reinforcer [INSTRUMENTAL] | a stimulus delivered after a response that makes the response more likely in the future
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| shaping [INSTRUMENTAL] | process of eliciting a desired response by rewarding behaviors that are increasingly similar to that response
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| behavioral contrast | response pattern, in which an organism evaluates a reward relative to other available rewards or those that have been available recently
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| partial reinforcement | learning condition, in which only some of the organism's responses are reinforced
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| schedule of reinforcement | rules about how often and under what conditions a response will be reinforced
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| ratio schedule | pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain number of responses
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| interval schedule | pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain amount of time has passed
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| latent learning | learning that occurs without a corresponding change in behavior
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| Edward C Tolman | advocate for the idea that learning involves a change in knowledge rather than a change in behavior (latent learning)
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| learned helplessness | condition of passivity, created by exposure to inescapable aversive events.
Condition inhibits/prevents learning in later situations in which escape or avoidance is possible
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| observational learning | process of watching how /others/ behave and learning from their example
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| vicarious conditioning | form of learning, where the learner acquires a conditioned response merely by observing another participant being conditioned
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| mirror neurons | neurons that fire whenever an animal performs an action (stretching out its arm or reaching toward a target), and also whenever the animal /watches/ another performing the same action
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| taste aversion learning | form of learning, an organism learns to avoid a taste after just one pairing of that taste with illness (e.g. distaste of vodka because of overindulgence)
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| prepared learning | form of learning, occurs without extensive training because of an evolved predisposition to the behavior (e.g. humans naturally associate aversive outcomes with snakes)
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| presynaptic facilitation | documented in studies of APYLSIA, process that underlies many kinds of learning, occurs when learning results in an increased release of neurotransmitter into the synapse
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| long-term potentiation (LTP) | long-lasting increase in a neuron's response to specific inputs, caused by repeated stimulation
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