MEMORY. Vocab, Concepts
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| recall | type of retrieval, requires you to produce an item from memory in response to a cue or question
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| recognition | type of retrieval, requires you to judge whether you have encountered a stimulus previously
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| acquisition | processes of gaining new info and placing it in memory
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| intentional learning | placing new info into memory in anticipation of being tested on it later
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| incidental learning | learning /without trying/ to learn, often without awareness that learning is occurring
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| working memory | term describing status of thoughts in memory that are currently activated
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| long-term memory | vast memory depository containing all of an individual's knowledge and beliefs - including all those not in use at any given time
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| primacy effect | in free recall, tendency to recall the first items on the list more readily than those in the middle
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| recency effect | in free recall, tendency to recall items at the end of the list more readily than those in the middle
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| chunking | process of reorganizing (or recoding) materials in working memory by combining a number of items into a single, larger unit
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| maintenance rehearsal | mechanical repetition of material without thinking about its meaning or patterns
e.g. repeating a phone number long enough to dial, but then forgetting afterwards (only in working memory)
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| shallow processing | approach to memorization that involves focusing on the superficial characteristics
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| recall | type of retrieval, requires you to produce an item from memory in response to a cue or question
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| recognition | type of retrieval, requires you to judge whether you have encountered a stimulus previously
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| acquisition | processes of gaining new info and placing it in memory
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| intentional learning | placing new info into memory in anticipation of being tested on it later
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| incidental learning | learning /without trying/ to learn, often without awareness that learning is occurring
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| working memory | term describing status of thoughts in memory that are currently activated
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| long-term memory | vast memory depository containing all of an individual's knowledge and beliefs - including all those not in use at any given time
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| primacy effect | in free recall, tendency to recall the first items on the list more readily than those in the middle
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| recency effect | in free recall, tendency to recall items at the end of the list more readily than those in the middle
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| chunking | process of reorganizing (or recoding) materials in working memory by combining a number of items into a single, larger unit
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| maintenance rehearsal | mechanical repetition of material without thinking about its meaning or patterns
e.g. repeating a phone number long enough to dial, but then forgetting afterwards (only in working memory)
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| shallow processing | approach to memorization, involves focusing on the /superficial characteristics/ of the stimulus, e.g. sound of a word or typeface in which it is printed
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| deep processing | approach to memorization, involves focusing on the /meaning/ of the stimulus
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| mnemonics | deliberate techniques people use to memorize new materials
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| memory trace | physical record in the nervous system that preserves a memory
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| memory consolidation | biological process, memories are transformed from a transient and fragile status to a more permanent and robust state;
according to most researchers, consolidation occurs over the course of several hours
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| retrograde amnesia | memory deficit, often suffered after a head injury, in which the patient loses memory for events that occurred /before/ the memory
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| retrieval | process of searching for a memory and finding it
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| tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) effect | condition in which one remains on the verge of retrieving a word or name but continues to be unsuccessful
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| retrieval cue | hint or signal that helps one to recall a memory
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| retrieval paths | mental connections linking one idea to the next that people use to locate a bit of info in memory
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| context reinstatement | way of improving retrieval by re-creating the state of mind that accompanied the initial learning
e.g. taking a test in the same room
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| encoding specificity | hypothesis that when information is stored in memory, it is not recorded in its original form, but translated ("encoded") into a form that includes the thoughts and understanding of the learner
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| retention interval | time that elapses between learning and retrieval
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| forgetting curve | graphic pattern, represents relationship between measures of learning and the length of the retention interval
As retention interval gets longer, memory decreases
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| intrusion errors | memory mistakes in which elements that were not part of the original info get mixed into ("intrude" into) someone's recall
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| misinformation effect | result of procedure in which, after an experience, people are exposed to questions or suggestions that misrepresent what happened.
Term refers to people's tendency to include the misinformation as part of their recall of the original experience
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| schema | individual's mental representation that summarizes her knowledge about a certain type of event or situation
e.g. books fits a student's schema of a professor's office
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| DRM paradigm | common procedure for studying memory
participants read and then immediately recall a list of related words, but the words providing the "theme" for the list is not included
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| familiarity | general sense that a certain stimulus has been encountered before
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| recollection | recall of the context in which a certain stimulus was encountered
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| explicit memory | conscious memories that can be described at will and can be triggered by a direct question
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| implicit memory | memories that we may not recall consciously, but that are still demonstrable through an indirect test
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| types of explicit memory (2) | episodic memory, semantic memory
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| types of implicit memory (4) | procedural memory, priming, perceptual learning, classical conditioning
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| episodic memory | memory for specific events e.g. 11th birthday experience
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| semantic memory | general knowledge, facts, not tied to any time or place e.g. definitions, date of birth
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| procedural memory | knowing how e.g. memory for skills like bike riding
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| priming | changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience
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| perceptual learning | recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience
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| classical conditioning | learning about associations among stimuli
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| flashbulb memories | vivid, detailed memories said to be produced by unexpected and emotionally important events
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| anterograde amnesia | memory deficit, suffered after some kinds of brain damage, in which the patient seems unable to form new explicit memories, however, memories acquired before the injury are spared
e.g. case study of Henry Gustav
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| procedural knowledge | knowledge of how to do something, such as riding a bike; expressed in behaviors rather than in words
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| declarative knowledge | knowledge of information that can be expressed in words
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