SCC hematology
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| show | a group of diseases in which the common abnormal characteristic is a malignant unregulated duplication (replication) of the formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and/or platelets) from the bone marrow (hematopoietic system).
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| What causes leukemia | show 🗑
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| Are leukemias localized | show 🗑
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| show | Bone marrow
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| show | Acute and chromic leukemias
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| What are some characteristics of acute leukemia | show 🗑
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| What are some characteristics of chronic leukemia | show 🗑
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| Beyond acute/chronic leukemias how can they be further classified? briefly explain each and who can determine these classifications? | show 🗑
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| show | • leukemic cells usually replace normal bone marrow cells and eventually will interfere with normal bone marrow function
• leukemic cells may invade other organs
• leukemia can/will eventually causes death, if not treated
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| show | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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| 7. Which cell type proliferates in ALL? | show 🗑
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| Lymphoblast vary in size but what is the most common size seen? | show 🗑
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| 8. What age group of individuals is characteristically affected by ALL? | show 🗑
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| show | ALL was considered a fatal disease before 1970, but today, ALL has a 90% complete remission rate and a 60% cure rate.
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| what is the prognosis for ALL dependent on? | show 🗑
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| show | (meaning # of lymphoblasts seen upon diagnosis)
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| show | either B cell and/or T cell presence
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| 10. What does AML stand for? | show 🗑
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| show | Acute Granulocytic Leukemia (AGL) and/ or Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia (ANLL)
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| show | AML/AGL/ANLL is the most common family of leukemia in children younger than 1 year of age. It is rare in older children and adolescents, but a second incidence peak occurs at age 40 years
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| 13. Two organizations classify the acute anemias. Name them. | show 🗑
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| show | AML with recurrent cytologic abnormalities
AML with multilineage dysplasia
AML and myelodysplasia as a result of therapy
AML, not otherwise classified
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| what does undifferentiated/nondifferentiated mean and what is the typical prognosis | show 🗑
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| what does differentiated mean and what is the typical prognosis | show 🗑
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| show | A type of leukemia in which the blasts seen possess both myeloid and lymphoid characteristics.
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| 17. Define bilineal leukemias. | show 🗑
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| 18. Define biphenotypic cells. | show 🗑
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| 19. If a bilineal leukemia is showing a “synchronous” blood picture, what does it mean? | show 🗑
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| 20. If a bilineal leukemia is showing a “metachronous” blood picture, what does it mean? | show 🗑
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| show | CLL is the MOST COMMON type of leukemia seen today.
This disease has such a slow, insidious onset, that a lot of times, it is discovered accidently when performing a CBC.
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| show | It affects twice as many males as females and the median age is at time of diagnosis is 65.
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| 22. What does CLL stand for? | show 🗑
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| 23. What is the typical proliferating cell seen with CLL? | show 🗑
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| 24. What is Hairy Cell Leukemia? | show 🗑
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| show | It is an adult type leukemia (median age 55 years), that has a very slow, insidious onset.
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| 26. What cell type proliferates in Hairy Cell Leukemia? What does it look like? | show 🗑
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| show | Hairy Cel Leukemia is also known asl Leukemic Reticuloendotheliosis
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| show | Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
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| show | It is a part of chromosome 22 that has translocated (moved) to chromosome 9. This requires special testing (reference lab testing) in order to determine this. BUT, the Philadelphia chromosome is present in nearly all cases of CML/CGL/CNLL leukemias.
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| 30. What is a blast crisis? | show 🗑
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| show | According to the FAB classification, population of the bone marrow and peripheral blood with at least 30% blasts is considered a “blast crisis”.
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| show | According to the WHO classification, population of the bone marrow and peripheral blood with 20% blasts is considered a blast crisis”.
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| 32. In general, what type of prognosis is associated with a blast crisis? Why? | show 🗑
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| show | Blast crises are associated with “acute” leukemias.
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| show | Cytochemistry is the study of chemical elements found in cells. These elements may be enzymatic (ex: peroxidase) or nonenzymatic (ex: lipids).
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| 35. Why do clinical laboratories use cytochemical staining techniques? | show 🗑
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| show | The types of specimens that are acceptable for cytochemistry studies (staining) include: smears and imprints made from bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, or peripheral
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| 37. What is the purpose of performing the myeloperoxidase (MPX) staining procedure? | show 🗑
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| show | Myeloperoxidase is an enzyme found in the primary granules of neutrophils, eosinophils and, to a certain extent, monocytes. Lymphocytes do not exhibit MPX activity.
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| 38. What is the purpose of performing the Sudan Black B (SBB) staining procedure? | show 🗑
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| show | esterase activity can be used to distinguish acute leukemias that are myeloid in origin from leukemias that are mostly monocytic in origin, it can differentiate myeloblasts and neutrophilic granulocytes from cells of monocytic origin
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| show | PAS staining may be helpful in the diagnosis of ALLs from the erythroid type of AML.
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| show | Megakaryoblastic leukemia requires immunocytochemical stains for an accurate diagnosis. Monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against factor VIII-related antigen give positive results in megakaryoblastic leukemia
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| show | LAP enzyme activity is useful for differentiating CML from a leukomoid reaction.
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| show | Leukomoid reactions are the immune system’s response to severe infections. LAP enzyme activity is “scored” in PMS and bands only.
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| show | Individuals with untreated CML have low LAP scores; individuals with leukomoid reactions have a high LAP score. Severe infection cause the total WBC count to become elevated “shift to the left” (more neutrophils and band/stab)causing high LAP scores
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| show | this procedure makes the stain a useful diagnostic tool for confirmation of hairy cell leukemia because addition of this reagent inhibits normal granulocytic, lymphocytic, and monocytic enzyme activity, but does not of the abnormal cells
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| show | Recognizing an ABNORMALITY and by bringing it to the attention of a supervisor or pathologist.
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