Memory Psychology
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| Define the term 'duration' | How long a memory lasts.
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| Define the term 'capacity' | How much can be held in the memory.
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| Define the term 'encoding' | Transferring information into code, creating a trace.
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| What is short term memory? | Short term memory is when we can only remember a little information for a short amount of time due to it's limited capacity and duration.
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| What is long term memory? | Long term memory has an unlimited capacity (permanent)
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| Who investigated the duration of STM? | Peterson and Peterson 1959
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| Who studied LTM? | Bahrick et al 1975
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| Who studied the capacity of STM? | Jacobs 1887
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| Who studied encoding in STM and LTM | Baddeley 1966
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| What is meant by encoding? | Encoding is about the way information is stored in memory. Encoding can be VISUAL (pictures)ACOUSTIC (sounds) or SEMANTIC (meanings)
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| What is chunking? | Miller 1956 found that people can remember 7+/- items. He suggested that we use 'chunking' to combine individual letters or numbers into larger more meaningful units so that they are remembered more easily i.e. 0266-262-644
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| Who created the Multi-store model of memory? | Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968
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| What are the components of the multi-store model of memory? | 1. Sensory/Environmental input
2. Sensory memory
3. Attention
4. Rehearsal
5. Short term memory
6. Long term memory
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| What studies have been carried out that show that memory is made up of separate stores? | 1. The Primacy effect
2. The Recency effect
3. People with Korsakoff's syndrome
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| Name some limitations of the Multi-store model of memory | 1. Lacks ecological validity: in the model, information is transferred from STM to LTM through rehearsal but in real life, people don't always spend their time rehearsing yet they still transfer information into LTM.
2. Oversimplified
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| Who developed the Working Memory model? | Baddeley and Hitch 1974
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| What are the Working Memory Model's components? | 1. Central Executive
2. Articulatory-phonological loop (phonological loop and articulatory process)
3. Visual-spatial sketchpad
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| What are the strengths and limitations of the working memory model? | Shallice and Warrington 1974 found support through KF
Limitation: Too simplistic and vague
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| What is an eyewitness testimony? | It refers to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed.
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| Who studied eyewitness testimonies? | Loftus and Palmer 1974
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| What did Valentine and Coxon study? | Valentine and Coxon 1997 studied the effect of age on EWT.
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| Who developed the cognitive interview techniques and what were they for? | Geiselman et al 1984 developed a cognitive interview technique to increase the accuracy of witness' recall during police questioning.
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| What happens in cognitive interviews? | 1. Witness relaxed- interviewer tailors language
2. Context: environment/mood recreated
3. Witness reports everything
4. Witness recalls details of crime in different orders
5. Recall from different perspectives
6. Interviewer non judgmental
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| Who studied the effect of Cognitive interviews? | Geiselman et al 1986
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| What are leading questions? | A type of question that implies or contains its own answer. A leading question can serve as a form of persuasion.
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| Give two factors which may affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony | 1. Age of witness can affect the accuracy of recall
2. Anxiety can affect focus
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| What are mnemonics? | Mnemonics are internal memory strategies. They use visual imagery and associations to help us remember things better.
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| How does the method of loci work? | Loci is a strategy that uses visual imagery. It is useful for remembering a list of words or objects.
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| What is a peg-word? | A Peg-word is a technique using imagery to remember a set of objects or words. The peg words rhyme with the numbers which helps you remember them.
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| What is the Narrative story strategy? | Narrative stories link words together.
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