Flashcards to study the History of American Unions
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| In this Massachusetts case in 1842 strikes were found to be legal, but unions were declared illegal | Commonwealth v. Hunt
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| Cotton textile mill that produced finished clothing, eliminating the need for cottage industries; hired mostly young girls, separating these girls for their families | The Lowell Factory
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| First national labor organizationl welcomed all wage earners, and demanded equal pay for women; an end to child labor; and an 8 hour day | Knights of Labor
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| Groups used to spy on unions for companies; also called in as strikebreakers | Pinkertons
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| Agreements which forced employees to agree not to strike or join a union | Yellow Dog Contracts
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| Started at the B&O RR in 1877 and soon spread across the country; for the first time federal troops were used to quell a strike; 100+ strikers killed, but workers had a sense of their power | Great Railroad Strike
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| Confrontation between strikers and police at the McCormick Reaper works in Chicago; several protesters shot by police; served to discredit the Knights of Labor | Haymarket Square Riot
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| One of the most violent strikes in US history against part of the Carnegie Steel Company in protest over wage cuts; Pinkertons opened fire on the strikers, killing and wounding many | Homestead Strike
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| Strike led by Eugene V. Debs and the American Railroad Union protesting poor wages at a train car company; Cleveland stopped the strike by granting an injunction against the strikers | Pullman Strike
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| The Supreme Court declared that unions were prohibited from setting up boycotts in support of strike; called a boycott a "conspiracy in restraint of trade" in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act | Danbury Hatters Strike
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| Strike by the United Mine Workers in 1902 in Pennsylvania that Theodore Roosevelt arbitrated | Anthracite Coal Strike
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| A fire at this company killed 141 workers who were locked in the factory and were unable to escape; prodded the government to reform labor laws | Trangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire
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| Union of needle-trade workers fought against sweatshops and fought against requirements that workers had to pay for their own equipment | International Ladies' Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)
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| Law that said that unions had a right to strike and that this would not be considered a "restraint of trade", created by Wilson in reaction to Sherman Anti-Trust Act | Clayton Antitrust Act
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| This union, known as the "Wobblies" preached revolution; led a walkout of textile workers into a famous "Bread and Roses" strike | Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
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| Strikes after WWI fueled fear of anarchism and lead to the Red Scare | Coal, steel, and police strikes
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| New Deal law that gave workers the right to bargain collectively and created the National Labor Relations Board | Wagner Act
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| Established a minimum wage and mandated an eight-hour day and 40-hour work week, banned child and convict labor | Fair Labor Standards Act
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| Sit-down strike at a General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan that led to the growth of this union, led by Walter Reuther, left the AFL | United Auto Workers Union
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| Organization founded by John L. Lewis of the UMWs a union for autoworkers, steelworkers, and electrical workers | Congress of Industrial Organizations
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| Law that outlawed a closed shop and permitted the president to call an 80-day cooling off period; vetoed by Truman, but passed over his veto | Taft-Hartley Act
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| Laws that outlawed closed unionized shops | "right to work" laws
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| strikers fired by Reagan | Air traffic controllers
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| formed by Uriah Stephens in Philadelphia, originally a secret society, started in Dec. of 1869 | Knights of Labor
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| A strike against the Baltimore & Ohio railroad ignites a series of strikes across the northeast. The violence and disturbances that follow result in Federal troops being called out for the first time in a labor dispute. | Railway Strike of 1877
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| A labor rally in Chicago in May 1886, called in support of the eight-hour day, erupts into chaos when an unknown party tosses a bomb at police, who then fire into the crowd. The incident stains labor's image and creates turmoil within the movement. | Haymarket Riot
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| Passed by Congress in July of 1890, Intended to block business monopolies, it will be used effectively by employers against unions | Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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| Set up by Samuel Gompers as a a collection of trade unions that will play a major role in the labor movement throughout the century to come. | American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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| One of the most radical of all organized labor groups, formed by western miners and other activists in June of 1905 | IWW
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| A cabinet-level agency, established under President Taft, signs law after his defeat in the 1912 election. | Federal Department of Labor Established
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| Passed by President Wilson, a friend of labor unions, which exempts unions from the Sherman Anti-Trust Act | Clayton Act
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| establishes an 8-hour workday for employees of interstate railroads, with overtime for working longer hours. in Sept. of 1916 | Adamson Act
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| Proclaimed that yellow-dog contracts, which require a worker to promise to not join a union, were unenforceable. Also limited courts' power to issue injunctions against strikes, Mar. 1932 | Norris-La Guardia Act
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| becomes Franklin Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor, the first woman in U.S. history to hold a cabinet post. She favors a comprehensive, pro-labor agenda including minimum wage laws, unemployment insurance, old-age pensions and abolition of child labor. | Frances Perkins
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| Splits the AFL because of disputes about methods of organizing large industries | Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
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| Two rival labor unions that merge in 1955, lead by George Meany | AFL-CIO
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| Allows the government to take over critical industries hit by strikes, enacted over Roosevelt's veto, prevents unions from contributing to political campaigns | Smith-Connally Act
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| prohibits discrimination in wages on the basis of sex, 1963 | Equal Pay Act
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| An organization of workers joined to protect their common interests and improve their working conditions. | unions
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| a work stoppage intended to force an employer to respond to demands | strike
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| workers who crossed the picket line during a strike, or unemployed people desperate for jobs | scabs
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| the process by which union leaders and management meet to reach an agreement to improve workers' jobs | collective bargaining
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| organized and prominant leader of coal miners into the United Mine Workers of America - the UMW, supported the great strike of 1877, fought against child labor | Mary Harris"Mother" Jones
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| led cigar makers union,established the American Federation of Labor- the AFL -a craft union,used strikes as weapon to win higher wages and shorter workweek | Samual Gompers
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| closing the factory to break a labor movement | lockout
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| workers being told as a condition for employment that they must sign an agreement not to join a union | Yellow-dog contracts
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