Pathophysiology
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| Atrophy | show 🗑
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| Hypertrophy | show 🗑
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| Hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| Metaplasia | show 🗑
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| Dysplasia | show 🗑
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| show | Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
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| show | New growth, commonly called tumor
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| show | Deficit of oxygen in the cells
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| show | Reduced oxygen in tissues
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| show | From environment
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| Endogenous | show 🗑
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| show | − Genetic disorders − Inborn errors of metabolism − Altered metabolism
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| show | The process when a group of cells die
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| show | Dead cells liquefy due to release of cell enzymes
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| show | Cell proteins are altered or denatured
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| show | Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids
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| Caseous Necrosis | show 🗑
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| Infarction | show 🗑
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| Gangrene | show 🗑
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| show | • First line of defense - Mechanical barrier - Unbroken skin and mucous membranes - Secretions such as tears and gastric juices • Second line of defense - Phagocytosis - Inflammation
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| Specific | show 🗑
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| show | a cellular process where phagocytes (a type of white blood cells) surround, ingest, and destroy the microorganism.
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| show | Production of specific antibodies - By B lymphocytes
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| show | activation of specific types of white blood cells) - By T lymphocytes
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| Inflammatory Response: Local Effects | show 🗑
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| Serous exudate | show 🗑
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| Fibrous exudate | show 🗑
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| Purulent exudate | show 🗑
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| show | Localized accumulation of purulent exudate in a tissue
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| Hemorrhagic exudate | show 🗑
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| show | Mild fever - Common if inflammation is extensive - Release of pyrogens
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| Inflammatory Response: Systemic Effects | show 🗑
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| Chronic Inflammation | show 🗑
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| Treatment of Inflammation | show 🗑
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| Therapies for Inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | • Resolution Minimal tissue damage Tissue returns to normal when damaged cells recover • Regeneration Damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional • Replacement Functional tissue replaced by scar tissue Loss of function
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| Granulation tissue | show 🗑
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| show | - Wounds with minimal tissue loss - Small wound/incision - e.g. Paper cut
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| Second Intention Healing | show 🗑
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| Complications: Scar Formation Contractures and obstructions | show 🗑
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| show | Bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated
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| Complications: Scar Formation Hypertrophic scar | show 🗑
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| Antigens | show 🗑
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| Tolerance | show 🗑
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| Specific response | show 🗑
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| Lymphoid structures | show 🗑
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| Tissue - Bone Marrow - Thymus | show 🗑
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| show | - Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) proteins label cells of the individual - Immune system ignores "self" cells
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| Antibodies | show 🗑
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| show | Most common in blood
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| show | First to increase in immune response
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| IgA | show 🗑
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| show | Allergic response - Causes release of histamine and other chemicals - Results in inflammation
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| IgD | show 🗑
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| show | - Macrophages - Lymphocytes Are white blood cells that play a role in the body
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| Macrophages | show 🗑
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| B-lymphocytes | show 🗑
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| show | Produce antibodies
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| show | form clones of plasma cells
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| T Lymphocytes | show 🗑
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| show | Destroys antigens
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| Helper T cells | show 🗑
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| Memory T cells | show 🗑
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| show | • A group of inactive proteins circulating in blood • When activated -> stimulates release of other chemical mediators promoting inflammation, phagocytosis • Causes destruction of antigen or may attach to a microorganism making it ready for phagocytosis
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| show | • Can signal a cellular response or cause cellular damage • Involved in inflammation and immune reactions - E.g., histamine, interleukins
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| show | Measures levels of serum immunoglobulins
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| show | Detects Rh blood incompatibility
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| show | Detect HIV antibodies
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| MHC typing | show 🗑
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