A+P CH 1 & 4-7
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| 4 types of tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural
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| tissues | collection of cells and cell products that perform specific functions
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| epithelia tissue | covers body surfaces, lines cavities and tubular structures, and serves essential functions
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| characteristics of epithelia tissue | cell junctions, apical and basal surfaces, attachment, avascularity, and regeneration
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| gap junctions | neural
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| synapse | gap
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| protein | tissues need to heal
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| microvilli | increase cell surface area and important for absorption and secretion
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| cilia | important for movement
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| mitochondria | cristae, power house of body that utilize energy
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| germinative cells, stem cells | start out with no specific purpose
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| epithelia renewal | replaced by division of germinative cells
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| classes of epithelia | based on layers simple or stratified epithelium and based on shape squamous,cuboidal, or columnar
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| simple epithelium | single layer of cells
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| stratified epithelium | several layers of cells
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| simple squamous epithelium | ventral (front) cavities, thoracic and abdominal
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| pseudo- | false
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| transitional epithelium | allows stretching of tissue
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| endocrine glands | release hormones into interstitial fluid and no ducts goes directly into blood stream
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| exocrine glands | produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces and goes through ducts
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| serous glands | watery secretions
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| mucous glands | secrete mucins
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| mixed exocrine glands | both serous (watery) and mucous
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| oid/o | looks like
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| the matrix | like a screen made of extracellular components of connective tissues
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| connective tissue proper | loose and dense fibers
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| fluid connective tissues | blood and lymph
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| supporting connective tissue | cartilage and bone
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| cells in connective tissue | fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, and mast cells
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| macrophages | fixed and free and job is cleanup
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| adipocytes | fat cells
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| adipo- | fat
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| mast cells | mobile connective tissue near blood filled with chemicals released when tissues are damaged
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| connective tissue fibers | collagen, reticular, and elastic
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| physiology | study of functions
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| viscous | how syrupy something is
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| levels of organization from molecules to complete organism | chemical (or molecular), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism
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| negative feedback | temperature regulation
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| positive feedback | blood clot formation
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| metabolism | all chemical activity in the body
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| tissue | type of muscle
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| heart | organ
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| human body has 11 organ systems | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphoid, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
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| supine | face up
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| prone | face down
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| ventral body cavity | thoracic and abdominopelvic
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| thoracic body cavity | heart and lungs
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| pericardium | serous membrane
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| lateral | across thru the midline
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| transverse section | cut thru body that passes perpendicular to lung axis and cuts body into superior and inferior positions
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| sagittal plane | divides body into left and right portions
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| mediastinum | region between heart and pericardium
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| diaphragm,flat muscular sheet divide ventral body cavity into a superior __cavity and inferior __ cavity | thoracic, abdominopelvic
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| proton located __ of atom | center
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| principles elements in human body | oxygen, O carbon, C hydrogen, H nitrogen, N calcium, Ca phosphorus, P potassium, K sodium, Na chlorine, Cl magnesium, Mg sulfur, S iron, Fe and iodine, I
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| acid (H+ donor) | any substance that breaks apart to release hydrogen ions
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| another name for platelets | thrombocytes
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| pH | body fluid
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| AB + CD --> AD + CB | exchange reaction
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| A + B <==> AB | reversible reaction
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| bones store | calcium
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| permeability | property that determines which substances can enter and exit cytoplasm
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| diffusion | movement of solid object from high concentration into low concentration of liquid
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| crenation | shrinking of red blood cells
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| facilitated diffusion, passive carrier-mediated transport | allows selective item thru then closes door behind and door opens in front
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| lacunae | chambers
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| pinocytosis | cell drinking, fluid
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| types of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, fibrous
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| bone or osseous tissue | resists shattering
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| membranes | physical barriers
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| mucous membranes | line passageways
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| areolar tissue | surrounds breast
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| mitosis | 1. interphase, resting 2.prophase, centriole split 3.metaphase, move to center 4.anaphase, move to opposite sides and 5.telephase, cleave
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| DNA nucleotide sequence CTC ATA CGA TTC AAG TTA would have what followin nucleotide sequence complementary in mRNA | GAG UAU GCU AAG UUC AAU
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| solvent | liquid
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| synovial fluid | lubricant
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| isotonic | just adding volume
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| hypotonic | water into cell
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| hypertonic | water out of cell
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| skeletal muscle | voluntary and striated (comes in layers)
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| cardiac muscle | specialized both striated and smooth and involuntary, intercalated discs
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| smooth muscle | visceral (organs) and involuntary
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| muscle tissue and has 3 types skeletal, cardiac, and smooth | specialized for contraction and produces all body movement
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| neural tissue | stimuli and response
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| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord
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| neurons | nerve cells
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| neuroglia | supporting cells
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| response to tissue injury | inflammation and regeneration
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| inflammatory response | swelling, warmth, redness, and pain
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| adema | swelling
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| neuron | axon, cell body, and dendrites
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| histamine | cause local blood vessels to dilate
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| apo- | from
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| dendron | tree
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| desmos | ligament
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| holos | entire
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| hyalos | glass
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| krinein | to separate
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| lacus | lake
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| meros | part
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| pleura | rib
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| sistere | to set
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| squama | plate or scale
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| vas | vessel
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| ab- | from
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| amphi- | on both sides
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| blast | precursor
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| clast | break
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| concha | shell
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| corona | crown
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| dia- | through
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| duco | to lead
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| gennan | to produce
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| gomophosis | bolting together
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| in- | into
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| infra- | beneath
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| lacrimae | tears
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| lamella | thin plate
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| malleolus | little hammer
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| meniscus | crescent
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| septum | wall
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| stylos | pillar
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| supra- | above
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| teres | cylindrical
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| trabecula | wall
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| trochlea | pulley
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| vertere | to turn
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| skeletal system 5 functions | support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection, and leverage (force of motion)
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| diaphysis | middle of long bone, bone shaft
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| epiphysis | top of end of long bone
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| periosteum | pertaining to surrounding the bone
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| compact bone | hard part of bone gives bones strength
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| osteocytes | mature cell that maintain normal bone structure
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| osteoclasts | release calcium into body and bone-dissolving cells
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| osteoblasts | regenerate or produce new bone cells, bone-producing cells
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| 3 types of cells in bone | osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts
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| ossification | process of replacing other tissues with bone
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| bone development | bones grow until about age 25
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| clavicle | collarbone
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| mandible | lower jaw
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| normal bone growth require | nutrition and hormonal factors
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| fracture hematoma | large blood clot
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| callum | hard skin
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| process | projection or bump
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| ramus | extension of bone making angle
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| trochanter | large rough projection
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| fossa | shallow depression
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| sulcus | narrow groove
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| foramen | hole
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| fissure | long hole that opens
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| condyle | where round process is
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| scapula | shoulder blade
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| axial skeleton | skull, ears, neck, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae
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| appendicular skeleton | skull, thorax, and vertebral column
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| radius | thumb side of arm just below elbow
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| metacarpal | hand bones
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| tarsal | ankle
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| metatarsal | foot bones
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| humerus | long arm bone, upper arm bone
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| femur | long leg bone
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| coxal | hip bone
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| tibia | chin bone
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| fibula | just above ankle
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| frontal | forehead
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| occipital bone | back of head
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| coronal suture | binding line of frontal to parietal bone
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| sphenoid | bone beside eyes
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| maxilla | upper jaw which is above lips and below nose
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| zygomatic bone | cheek bones
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| lacrimal bone | base of eyes
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| sinus purposes | makes skull lighter, gives resonance to voice, and protects respiratory system
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| vertebral column | thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
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| cervical vertebra | top of spine
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| thoracic vertebra | middle of spine
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| lumbar vertebra | bottom of spine
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| thoracic vertebra | has 12 vertebra
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| there are 24 ribs and come in pairs of | 12
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| true ribs 1-7 | connect directly to sternum through cartilage
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| false ribs 8-12 | connect to sternum through cartilage above true rib 7
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| floating ribs 11 & 12 | dont connect to sternum
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| xiphoid process | little hanging bone on front of chest
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| manubrium | small bone at top on front of chest
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| pectoral girdle | connects only at manubrium
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| acromial process | feel on arm its just below bony acromial end (end of arm bone at top)
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| antebrachium | forearm
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| pollex | thumb
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| ilium | crest at top of hip bone
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| ischium | bottom of hip bone (part you sit on)
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| pubis symphysis | cartilage holding sides of pubis bone together
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| female pelvis round and male pelvis | oval
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| talus | carries weight of leg
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| hallux | big toe
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| articulations, joint | where two bones meet
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| synarhrosis | immovable joint
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| amphiarhtrosis | slightly moveable joint
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| diarhtrosis | freely moveable joint
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| atlas | first cervical vertebrae, skull sits on
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| axis | second cervical vertebrae
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| ball and socket joints | shoulder joints
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| gliding motion | bones slide past each other
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| flexion | reducing angle between two bones
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| extension | increases angle between two bones
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| abduction | away from midline, raising arm laterally
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| adduction | toward midline
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| rotation | movement from right to left
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| eversion | pointing foot to side
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| protraction | pushing forward and then backward
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| atomic number | number of protons
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| covalent bond | sharing of electrons
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| ionic bond | loss or gain of electrons
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| catabolism | decomposition
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| anabolism | synthesis
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| enzyme | catalyst
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| buffer | stabilize pH
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| organic compounds | carbs, lipids, and proteins
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| inorganic compounds | water and salts
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| in atoms protons and neutrons found only in | nucleus
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| the number and arrangement of electrons in an atom's outer electron shell determines | chemical properties
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| the bond between Na and Cl in the compound NaCl is | ionic bond
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| 7 major functions performed by proteins | support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic reaction, coordination and control, and defense
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| active transport | have to have energy but dont rely on solute or gradient
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| ion pumps | carrier proteins that actively transport and important for homestasis
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| organelles, little organs | perform specific functions essential to normal cell structure
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| flagella | move cell through surrounding fluid
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| filtration | hydrostatic pressure
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| osmosis | movement of water
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| vesicular transport | endocytosis and exocytosis
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| cytoskeleteon | internal protein framework
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| ribosomes | manufacture proteins
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| lysosomes | digestive enzymes
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| nucelus | control center for cell operations
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| nucleoli | synthesize components of ribosomes
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| proteins in plasma membrane may function as | receptors, channels, carriers, enzymes, anchors, and identifiers
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| ___ion concentrations in extracellular fluids, and ___ion concentrations are high in cytoplasm | sodium, potassium
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| translation | construction of a functional protein using information provided by mRNA strand
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| 4 major transport mechanisms substances use to get in and out of cells | diffusion, filtration, carrier-mediated transport, and vesicular transport
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| diffusion is important in body fluids because this process | eliminates local concentration gradients
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| when placed in a ___solution, a cell will loose water through osmosis. This process results in the ___of red blood cells | hypertonic, crenation
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| most abundant connections between cells in the superficial layers of the skin | desmosomes
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| 3 major types of of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, and fibrous
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| 3 cell shapes making up epithelial tissue | cuboidal, squamos, and columnar
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| gap junction | interlocking of membrane proteins
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| tight junction | intercellular connection
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| germinative cells | repair and renewal
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| holocrine secretion | destroys gland cell
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| endocrine secretion | hormones
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| ligament | bone-to-bone attachment
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| tendon | muscle-to-bone attachment
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| in body surfaces where mechanical stresses are severe the dominant epithelium is | striated squamous epithelium
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| the tissue that contains a fluid ground substance is | connective
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| the primary function of the serous membrane in the body is | to minimize friction between opposing surfaces
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| large muscle fibers that are multinucleated, striated, and voluntary are found in | skeletal muscle tissue
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| intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristics of | cardiac muscle tissue
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| 4 basic tissue types | epithelia, connective, muscle, and neural
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| skeletal muscle contains | connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves, and skeletal muscle tissue
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| isometric contraction | contraction in which tension rises but resistance does not move
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| epimysium | surrounds muscle
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| fascicle | muscle bundle
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| endomysium | surrounds muscle fiber
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| motor end plate | binds ACh
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| transverse tubule | conducts actin potentials and allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously
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| actin | thin filaments
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| myosin | thick filaments
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| extensor of knee | quadricep muscles
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| sacromeres | contractile units
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| recruitment | multiple motor units
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| muscle tone | resting tension, firmness of muscle at rest
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| white muscles | fast fibers
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| flexor of leg | hamstring muscles
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| red muscles | slow fibers
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| hypertrophy | enlargement, muscle gain
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| function of synovial fluid | nourish chondrocytes, provide lubrication, and absorb shock
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| unpaired bone | vomer
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| abduction and adduction always refer to movements of the | appendicular skeleton
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| cribriform plate | olfactory nerves
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| ball-and-socket joints | hip and shoulder
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| hinge joints | elbow and knee
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| while an individual is in the anatomical position, the ulna lies | medial to the radius
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| at the glenoid cavity the scapula articulates with the proximal end of the | humerus
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| osteons | basic functional units of mature compact bone
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| diarthroses | joint typically located at tend of long bones
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| standing on tiptoe is example of | plantar flexion
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| skeletol bones store energy reserves as lipids in areas of | yellow marrow
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| communications for skeletal system | endocrine glands slow and nervous system fast
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| 3 ear bones in each ear | stapes (stirrup), incus (anvil), and malleous (hammer)
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| muscle tissue | skeletal (voluntary and striated), cardiac (involuntary and specialized), and smooth aka visceral (involuntary and smooth)
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| skeletal muscle performs 5 primary functions | movement of skeleton, maintain posture, support soft tissues, guard entrances and exits, maintain body temp
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| sarcolemma | cell membrane of a muscle fiber
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| terminal cisternae | terminal (end) cistern (container to collect), where things collect
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| stimuli --> depolarization = movement or contraction then | repolarization = normalization or rest
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| ACh | acetylcholine, neurotransmitter
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| 3 phases of a twitch | latent (calcium ions releases), contraction (calcium ions binds), and relaxation
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| wave summation | increasing tension or summation (top portion) before end of relaxation, continuing contractions
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| complete tetanus | relaxation phase of muscle is completely eliminated
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| iso- | same
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| normal heart rate | 60-100 times a minute
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| origin | muscle attachment that remains fixed
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| insertion | muscle attachment that moves
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| action | what joint movement a muscle produces
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| prime mover (agonist) | main muscle in action
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| synergy | in addition to
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| mental, genio- | chin
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| axillary | armpit
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| antecubital | in front of elbow
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| antebrachial | forearm
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| pollex | thumb
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| popliteal | back of knee
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| crural | leg
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| femur | thigh
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| trunk | thorax, mammary, abdomen, umbilical, and pelvis
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| buccal | neck
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| sternocleidomastoid | from clavicles to sternum
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| peritoneum | pelvic floor
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| kagel exercises | start and stop urine
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| pectoralis minor | anterior surface of ribs 3-5
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| trapezius | muscle above clavicle, connects to it and in front of scapula (acromion and scapular spine)
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| deltoid | muscle of shoulder blade (acromion and adjacent scapular spine)
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| latissimus dorsi | spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and lumbar vertebrae
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| pectoralis major | cartilage of ribs 2-6 muscle next to sternum and clavicle, used for injections
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| biceps brachii | on scapula, short head from coracoid process (lower connection to shoulder)and long head from supraglenoid tubercle
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| triceps brachii | superior, posterior, and lateral margins of humerus and scapula (above biceps)
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| gluteus maximus, dorsal | iliac crest of ilium, sacrum, and coccyx
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| gluteus medius, ventral | anterior iliac crest and lateral surface of ilium
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| gluetus minimus | lateral surface of ilium, muscle below hip bone
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| vastus lateralis | anterior and inferior greater tochanter of femur along linea aspera, injection primarily in children
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| surface anatomy | study of general form and superficial markings
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| gastrocnemius | femoral condyles, calf muscle
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| bruit | whooshing sound
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| ventral | belly side
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| coronal plane | divides head into front and back
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| dorsal cavities | cranial and spinal
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| ventral cavity | thoracic, upper abdominal, and lower abdominal or thoracic and pelvic
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| 3 serous membranes | pleural (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (pelvic)
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
brookelily
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