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A+P CH 1 & 4-7
Question | Answer |
---|---|
4 types of tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural |
tissues | collection of cells and cell products that perform specific functions |
epithelia tissue | covers body surfaces, lines cavities and tubular structures, and serves essential functions |
characteristics of epithelia tissue | cell junctions, apical and basal surfaces, attachment, avascularity, and regeneration |
gap junctions | neural |
synapse | gap |
protein | tissues need to heal |
microvilli | increase cell surface area and important for absorption and secretion |
cilia | important for movement |
mitochondria | cristae, power house of body that utilize energy |
germinative cells, stem cells | start out with no specific purpose |
epithelia renewal | replaced by division of germinative cells |
classes of epithelia | based on layers simple or stratified epithelium and based on shape squamous,cuboidal, or columnar |
simple epithelium | single layer of cells |
stratified epithelium | several layers of cells |
simple squamous epithelium | ventral (front) cavities, thoracic and abdominal |
pseudo- | false |
transitional epithelium | allows stretching of tissue |
endocrine glands | release hormones into interstitial fluid and no ducts goes directly into blood stream |
exocrine glands | produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces and goes through ducts |
serous glands | watery secretions |
mucous glands | secrete mucins |
mixed exocrine glands | both serous (watery) and mucous |
oid/o | looks like |
the matrix | like a screen made of extracellular components of connective tissues |
connective tissue proper | loose and dense fibers |
fluid connective tissues | blood and lymph |
supporting connective tissue | cartilage and bone |
cells in connective tissue | fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, and mast cells |
macrophages | fixed and free and job is cleanup |
adipocytes | fat cells |
adipo- | fat |
mast cells | mobile connective tissue near blood filled with chemicals released when tissues are damaged |
connective tissue fibers | collagen, reticular, and elastic |
physiology | study of functions |
viscous | how syrupy something is |
levels of organization from molecules to complete organism | chemical (or molecular), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism |
negative feedback | temperature regulation |
positive feedback | blood clot formation |
metabolism | all chemical activity in the body |
tissue | type of muscle |
heart | organ |
human body has 11 organ systems | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphoid, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive |
supine | face up |
prone | face down |
ventral body cavity | thoracic and abdominopelvic |
thoracic body cavity | heart and lungs |
pericardium | serous membrane |
lateral | across thru the midline |
transverse section | cut thru body that passes perpendicular to lung axis and cuts body into superior and inferior positions |
sagittal plane | divides body into left and right portions |
mediastinum | region between heart and pericardium |
diaphragm,flat muscular sheet divide ventral body cavity into a superior __cavity and inferior __ cavity | thoracic, abdominopelvic |
proton located __ of atom | center |
principles elements in human body | oxygen, O carbon, C hydrogen, H nitrogen, N calcium, Ca phosphorus, P potassium, K sodium, Na chlorine, Cl magnesium, Mg sulfur, S iron, Fe and iodine, I |
acid (H+ donor) | any substance that breaks apart to release hydrogen ions |
another name for platelets | thrombocytes |
pH | body fluid |
AB + CD --> AD + CB | exchange reaction |
A + B <==> AB | reversible reaction |
bones store | calcium |
permeability | property that determines which substances can enter and exit cytoplasm |
diffusion | movement of solid object from high concentration into low concentration of liquid |
crenation | shrinking of red blood cells |
facilitated diffusion, passive carrier-mediated transport | allows selective item thru then closes door behind and door opens in front |
lacunae | chambers |
pinocytosis | cell drinking, fluid |
types of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, fibrous |
bone or osseous tissue | resists shattering |
membranes | physical barriers |
mucous membranes | line passageways |
areolar tissue | surrounds breast |
mitosis | 1. interphase, resting 2.prophase, centriole split 3.metaphase, move to center 4.anaphase, move to opposite sides and 5.telephase, cleave |
DNA nucleotide sequence CTC ATA CGA TTC AAG TTA would have what followin nucleotide sequence complementary in mRNA | GAG UAU GCU AAG UUC AAU |
solvent | liquid |
synovial fluid | lubricant |
isotonic | just adding volume |
hypotonic | water into cell |
hypertonic | water out of cell |
skeletal muscle | voluntary and striated (comes in layers) |
cardiac muscle | specialized both striated and smooth and involuntary, intercalated discs |
smooth muscle | visceral (organs) and involuntary |
muscle tissue and has 3 types skeletal, cardiac, and smooth | specialized for contraction and produces all body movement |
neural tissue | stimuli and response |
central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
neurons | nerve cells |
neuroglia | supporting cells |
response to tissue injury | inflammation and regeneration |
inflammatory response | swelling, warmth, redness, and pain |
adema | swelling |
neuron | axon, cell body, and dendrites |
histamine | cause local blood vessels to dilate |
apo- | from |
dendron | tree |
desmos | ligament |
holos | entire |
hyalos | glass |
krinein | to separate |
lacus | lake |
meros | part |
pleura | rib |
sistere | to set |
squama | plate or scale |
vas | vessel |
ab- | from |
amphi- | on both sides |
blast | precursor |
clast | break |
concha | shell |
corona | crown |
dia- | through |
duco | to lead |
gennan | to produce |
gomophosis | bolting together |
in- | into |
infra- | beneath |
lacrimae | tears |
lamella | thin plate |
malleolus | little hammer |
meniscus | crescent |
septum | wall |
stylos | pillar |
supra- | above |
teres | cylindrical |
trabecula | wall |
trochlea | pulley |
vertere | to turn |
skeletal system 5 functions | support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection, and leverage (force of motion) |
diaphysis | middle of long bone, bone shaft |
epiphysis | top of end of long bone |
periosteum | pertaining to surrounding the bone |
compact bone | hard part of bone gives bones strength |
osteocytes | mature cell that maintain normal bone structure |
osteoclasts | release calcium into body and bone-dissolving cells |
osteoblasts | regenerate or produce new bone cells, bone-producing cells |
3 types of cells in bone | osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts |
ossification | process of replacing other tissues with bone |
bone development | bones grow until about age 25 |
clavicle | collarbone |
mandible | lower jaw |
normal bone growth require | nutrition and hormonal factors |
fracture hematoma | large blood clot |
callum | hard skin |
process | projection or bump |
ramus | extension of bone making angle |
trochanter | large rough projection |
fossa | shallow depression |
sulcus | narrow groove |
foramen | hole |
fissure | long hole that opens |
condyle | where round process is |
scapula | shoulder blade |
axial skeleton | skull, ears, neck, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae |
appendicular skeleton | skull, thorax, and vertebral column |
radius | thumb side of arm just below elbow |
metacarpal | hand bones |
tarsal | ankle |
metatarsal | foot bones |
humerus | long arm bone, upper arm bone |
femur | long leg bone |
coxal | hip bone |
tibia | chin bone |
fibula | just above ankle |
frontal | forehead |
occipital bone | back of head |
coronal suture | binding line of frontal to parietal bone |
sphenoid | bone beside eyes |
maxilla | upper jaw which is above lips and below nose |
zygomatic bone | cheek bones |
lacrimal bone | base of eyes |
sinus purposes | makes skull lighter, gives resonance to voice, and protects respiratory system |
vertebral column | thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx |
cervical vertebra | top of spine |
thoracic vertebra | middle of spine |
lumbar vertebra | bottom of spine |
thoracic vertebra | has 12 vertebra |
there are 24 ribs and come in pairs of | 12 |
true ribs 1-7 | connect directly to sternum through cartilage |
false ribs 8-12 | connect to sternum through cartilage above true rib 7 |
floating ribs 11 & 12 | dont connect to sternum |
xiphoid process | little hanging bone on front of chest |
manubrium | small bone at top on front of chest |
pectoral girdle | connects only at manubrium |
acromial process | feel on arm its just below bony acromial end (end of arm bone at top) |
antebrachium | forearm |
pollex | thumb |
ilium | crest at top of hip bone |
ischium | bottom of hip bone (part you sit on) |
pubis symphysis | cartilage holding sides of pubis bone together |
female pelvis round and male pelvis | oval |
talus | carries weight of leg |
hallux | big toe |
articulations, joint | where two bones meet |
synarhrosis | immovable joint |
amphiarhtrosis | slightly moveable joint |
diarhtrosis | freely moveable joint |
atlas | first cervical vertebrae, skull sits on |
axis | second cervical vertebrae |
ball and socket joints | shoulder joints |
gliding motion | bones slide past each other |
flexion | reducing angle between two bones |
extension | increases angle between two bones |
abduction | away from midline, raising arm laterally |
adduction | toward midline |
rotation | movement from right to left |
eversion | pointing foot to side |
protraction | pushing forward and then backward |
atomic number | number of protons |
covalent bond | sharing of electrons |
ionic bond | loss or gain of electrons |
catabolism | decomposition |
anabolism | synthesis |
enzyme | catalyst |
buffer | stabilize pH |
organic compounds | carbs, lipids, and proteins |
inorganic compounds | water and salts |
in atoms protons and neutrons found only in | nucleus |
the number and arrangement of electrons in an atom's outer electron shell determines | chemical properties |
the bond between Na and Cl in the compound NaCl is | ionic bond |
7 major functions performed by proteins | support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic reaction, coordination and control, and defense |
active transport | have to have energy but dont rely on solute or gradient |
ion pumps | carrier proteins that actively transport and important for homestasis |
organelles, little organs | perform specific functions essential to normal cell structure |
flagella | move cell through surrounding fluid |
filtration | hydrostatic pressure |
osmosis | movement of water |
vesicular transport | endocytosis and exocytosis |
cytoskeleteon | internal protein framework |
ribosomes | manufacture proteins |
lysosomes | digestive enzymes |
nucelus | control center for cell operations |
nucleoli | synthesize components of ribosomes |
proteins in plasma membrane may function as | receptors, channels, carriers, enzymes, anchors, and identifiers |
___ion concentrations in extracellular fluids, and ___ion concentrations are high in cytoplasm | sodium, potassium |
translation | construction of a functional protein using information provided by mRNA strand |
4 major transport mechanisms substances use to get in and out of cells | diffusion, filtration, carrier-mediated transport, and vesicular transport |
diffusion is important in body fluids because this process | eliminates local concentration gradients |
when placed in a ___solution, a cell will loose water through osmosis. This process results in the ___of red blood cells | hypertonic, crenation |
most abundant connections between cells in the superficial layers of the skin | desmosomes |
3 major types of of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, and fibrous |
3 cell shapes making up epithelial tissue | cuboidal, squamos, and columnar |
gap junction | interlocking of membrane proteins |
tight junction | intercellular connection |
germinative cells | repair and renewal |
holocrine secretion | destroys gland cell |
endocrine secretion | hormones |
ligament | bone-to-bone attachment |
tendon | muscle-to-bone attachment |
in body surfaces where mechanical stresses are severe the dominant epithelium is | striated squamous epithelium |
the tissue that contains a fluid ground substance is | connective |
the primary function of the serous membrane in the body is | to minimize friction between opposing surfaces |
large muscle fibers that are multinucleated, striated, and voluntary are found in | skeletal muscle tissue |
intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristics of | cardiac muscle tissue |
4 basic tissue types | epithelia, connective, muscle, and neural |
skeletal muscle contains | connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves, and skeletal muscle tissue |
isometric contraction | contraction in which tension rises but resistance does not move |
epimysium | surrounds muscle |
fascicle | muscle bundle |
endomysium | surrounds muscle fiber |
motor end plate | binds ACh |
transverse tubule | conducts actin potentials and allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously |
actin | thin filaments |
myosin | thick filaments |
extensor of knee | quadricep muscles |
sacromeres | contractile units |
recruitment | multiple motor units |
muscle tone | resting tension, firmness of muscle at rest |
white muscles | fast fibers |
flexor of leg | hamstring muscles |
red muscles | slow fibers |
hypertrophy | enlargement, muscle gain |
function of synovial fluid | nourish chondrocytes, provide lubrication, and absorb shock |
unpaired bone | vomer |
abduction and adduction always refer to movements of the | appendicular skeleton |
cribriform plate | olfactory nerves |
ball-and-socket joints | hip and shoulder |
hinge joints | elbow and knee |
while an individual is in the anatomical position, the ulna lies | medial to the radius |
at the glenoid cavity the scapula articulates with the proximal end of the | humerus |
osteons | basic functional units of mature compact bone |
diarthroses | joint typically located at tend of long bones |
standing on tiptoe is example of | plantar flexion |
skeletol bones store energy reserves as lipids in areas of | yellow marrow |
communications for skeletal system | endocrine glands slow and nervous system fast |
3 ear bones in each ear | stapes (stirrup), incus (anvil), and malleous (hammer) |
muscle tissue | skeletal (voluntary and striated), cardiac (involuntary and specialized), and smooth aka visceral (involuntary and smooth) |
skeletal muscle performs 5 primary functions | movement of skeleton, maintain posture, support soft tissues, guard entrances and exits, maintain body temp |
sarcolemma | cell membrane of a muscle fiber |
terminal cisternae | terminal (end) cistern (container to collect), where things collect |
stimuli --> depolarization = movement or contraction then | repolarization = normalization or rest |
ACh | acetylcholine, neurotransmitter |
3 phases of a twitch | latent (calcium ions releases), contraction (calcium ions binds), and relaxation |
wave summation | increasing tension or summation (top portion) before end of relaxation, continuing contractions |
complete tetanus | relaxation phase of muscle is completely eliminated |
iso- | same |
normal heart rate | 60-100 times a minute |
origin | muscle attachment that remains fixed |
insertion | muscle attachment that moves |
action | what joint movement a muscle produces |
prime mover (agonist) | main muscle in action |
synergy | in addition to |
mental, genio- | chin |
axillary | armpit |
antecubital | in front of elbow |
antebrachial | forearm |
pollex | thumb |
popliteal | back of knee |
crural | leg |
femur | thigh |
trunk | thorax, mammary, abdomen, umbilical, and pelvis |
buccal | neck |
sternocleidomastoid | from clavicles to sternum |
peritoneum | pelvic floor |
kagel exercises | start and stop urine |
pectoralis minor | anterior surface of ribs 3-5 |
trapezius | muscle above clavicle, connects to it and in front of scapula (acromion and scapular spine) |
deltoid | muscle of shoulder blade (acromion and adjacent scapular spine) |
latissimus dorsi | spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and lumbar vertebrae |
pectoralis major | cartilage of ribs 2-6 muscle next to sternum and clavicle, used for injections |
biceps brachii | on scapula, short head from coracoid process (lower connection to shoulder)and long head from supraglenoid tubercle |
triceps brachii | superior, posterior, and lateral margins of humerus and scapula (above biceps) |
gluteus maximus, dorsal | iliac crest of ilium, sacrum, and coccyx |
gluteus medius, ventral | anterior iliac crest and lateral surface of ilium |
gluetus minimus | lateral surface of ilium, muscle below hip bone |
vastus lateralis | anterior and inferior greater tochanter of femur along linea aspera, injection primarily in children |
surface anatomy | study of general form and superficial markings |
gastrocnemius | femoral condyles, calf muscle |
bruit | whooshing sound |
ventral | belly side |
coronal plane | divides head into front and back |
dorsal cavities | cranial and spinal |
ventral cavity | thoracic, upper abdominal, and lower abdominal or thoracic and pelvic |
3 serous membranes | pleural (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (pelvic) |