Biological Bases of Behavior:
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| biological psychology | show 🗑
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| show | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. (p. 53)
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| sensory neurons | show 🗑
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| show | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. (p. 53)
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| show | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. (p. 53)
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| dendrite | show 🗑
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| axon | show 🗑
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| show | sheath a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. (p. 53)
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| show | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. (p. 53)
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| threshold | show 🗑
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| synapse | show 🗑
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| show | chem. messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
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| reuptake | show 🗑
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| endorphins | show 🗑
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| nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | the brain and spinal cord. (p. 59)
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | show 🗑
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| nerves | show 🗑
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| show | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. (p. 59)
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| somatic nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | nervous system the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. (p. 59)
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| show | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (p. 59)
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| show | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. (p. 60)
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| show | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. (p. 61)
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| endocrine | show 🗑
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| show | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. (p. 62)
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| adrenal | show 🗑
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| show | the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. (p. 63)
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| lesion | show 🗑
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| show | an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. (p. 67)
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| show | a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called CAT scan. (p. 68)
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| show | a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. (p. 68)
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| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | show 🗑
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| fMRI (functional MRI) | show 🗑
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| show | the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions. (p. 69)
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| medulla | show 🗑
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| reticular formation | show 🗑
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| thalamus | show 🗑
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| cerebellum | show 🗑
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| limbic system | show 🗑
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| show | two lima bean–sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. (p. 71)
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| show | a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. (p. 72)
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| cerebral | show 🗑
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| show | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. (p. 74)
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| frontal lobes | show 🗑
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| show | lobes portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position. (p. 74)
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| occipital | show 🗑
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| show | portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear. (p. 74)
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| show | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. (p. 75)
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| show | area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. (p. 77)
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| show | areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. (p. 78)
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| show | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding). (p. 80)
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| show | controls language expression—an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. (p. 80)
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| show | controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (p. 80)
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| show | the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. (p. 82)
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| neurogenesis | show 🗑
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| corpus callosum | show 🗑
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| split brain | show 🗑
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| consciousness | show 🗑
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| show | the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). (pp. 7, 89)
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| dual processing | show 🗑
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| show | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. (p. 95)
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| environment | show 🗑
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| chromosomes | show 🗑
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| show | a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (p. 95)
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| show | the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein. (p. 95)
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| genome | show 🗑
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| show | twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. (p. 96)
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| show | twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. (p. 97)
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| heritability | show 🗑
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| interaction | show 🗑
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| show | the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes. (p. 102)
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| show | the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection. (pp. 10, 103)
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| show | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. (pp. 8, 103)
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| mutation | show 🗑
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