Learning
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| show | a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. (p. 215)
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| show | an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it. (p. 216)
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| show | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). (p. 216)
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| show | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. (p. 218)
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| show | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). (pp. 6, 218)
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| unconditioned response (UR) | show 🗑
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| conditioned response (CR) | show 🗑
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) | show 🗑
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| show | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. (p. 220)
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| higher-order conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. (p. 221)
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| spontaneous recovery | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. (p. 222)
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| discrimination | show 🗑
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| learned helplessness | show 🗑
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| respondent behavior | show 🗑
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| operant conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. (p. 228)
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| law of effect | show 🗑
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| operant chamber | show 🗑
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| show | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. (p. 229)
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| discriminative stimulus | show 🗑
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| reinforcer | show 🗑
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| show | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. (p. 231)
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| negative reinforcement | show 🗑
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| primary reinforcer | show 🗑
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| conditioned reinforcer | show 🗑
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| show | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. (p. 232)
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| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. (p. 232)
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| variable-ratio schedule | show 🗑
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| fixed-interval schedule | show 🗑
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| show | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. (p. 233)
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| punishment | show 🗑
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| cognitive map | show 🗑
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| show | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. (p. 236)
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| insight | show 🗑
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| intrinsic motivation | show 🗑
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| extrinsic motivation | show 🗑
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| show | a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. (pp. 240, C-8)
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| observational learning | show 🗑
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| show | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. (p. 242)
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| show | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy. (p. 243)
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| prosocial behavior | show 🗑
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