All key terms in the Myers text, Psychology for AP
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| absolute threshold | show 🗑
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| accommodation 1 | show 🗑
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| show | adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. (p. 418)
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| achievement motivation | show 🗑
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| achievement tests | show 🗑
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| acoustic encoding | show 🗑
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| show | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. (p. 220)
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| action potential | show 🗑
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| active listening | show 🗑
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| adaptation-level phenomenon | show 🗑
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| show | compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences. (p. 197)
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| show | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. (p. 445)
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| show | [ah-DREEN-el] glands a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress. (p. 63)
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| show | sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety. (p. C-6)
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| aggression | show 🗑
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| show | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. (p. 178)
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| altruism | show 🗑
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| amnesia | show 🗑
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| show | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. (p. 201)
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| show | [uh-MIG-duh-la] two lima bean–sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. (p. 71)
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| show | an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. (p. 337)
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| antianxiety drugs | show 🗑
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| antidepressant drugs | show 🗑
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| antipsychotic drugs | show 🗑
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| antisocial personality disorder | show 🗑
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| anxiety disorders | show 🗑
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| aphasia | show 🗑
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| applied research | show 🗑
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| aptitude tests | show 🗑
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| assimilation | show 🗑
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| show | areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. (p. 78)
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| show | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). (p. 216)
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| show | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. (p. 426)
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| show | a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. (p. 563)
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| show | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. (p. 646)
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| show | the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition. (p. 644)
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| audition | show 🗑
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| show | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind. (p. 424)
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| show | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. (p. 258)
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| show | [aw-tuh-NAHM-ik] nervous system the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. (p. 59)
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| show | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. (p. 305)
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| aversive conditioning | show 🗑
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| axon | show 🗑
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| show | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. (p. 315)
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| barbiturates | show 🗑
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| basal metabolic rate | show 🗑
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| basic research | show 🗑
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| basic trust | show 🗑
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| show | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. (p. 95)
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| show | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. (p. 611)
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| behavioral medicine | show 🗑
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| show | the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning. (p. 10)
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| behaviorism | show 🗑
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| belief perseverance | show 🗑
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| binge-eating disorder | show 🗑
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| show | depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes. (p. 153)
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| show | a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. (pp. 240, C-8)
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| biological psychology | show 🗑
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| show | prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system. (p. 628)
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| show | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. (p. 10)
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| bipolar disorder | show 🗑
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| blind spot | show 🗑
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| show | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information. (p. 116)
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| show | the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions. (p. 69)
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| Broca’s area | show 🗑
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| show | an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. (p. 337)
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| show | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. (p. 686)
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| Cannon-Bard theory | show 🗑
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| case study | show 🗑
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| show | emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. (p. 388)
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| central nervous system (CNS) | show 🗑
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| central route persuasion | show 🗑
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| show | [sehr-uh-BELL-um] the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance. (p. 70)
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| cerebral | show 🗑
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| change blindness | show 🗑
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| chromosomes | show 🗑
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| show | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. (p. 264)
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| show | [ser-KAY-dee-an] rhythm the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. (p. 177)
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| classical conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.) (p. 609)
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| clinical psychology | show 🗑
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| cochlea | show 🗑
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| cochlear implant | show 🗑
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| cognition | show 🗑
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| show | a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). (p. 616)
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| cognitive dissonance theory | show 🗑
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| cognitive map | show 🗑
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| cognitive neuroscience | show 🗑
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| cognitive psychology | show 🗑
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| show | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. (p. 614)
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| show | Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history. (p. 485)
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| show | giving priority to goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly. (p. 516)
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| show | perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. (p. 158)
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| companionate love | show 🗑
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| show | as yet unproven health care treatments intended to supplement (complement) or serve as alternatives to conventional medicine, and which typically are not widely taught in medical schools, used in hospitals, or reimbursed by insurance companies. (p. C-8)
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| show | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. (p. 298)
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| concrete operational stage | show 🗑
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| show | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. (p. 231)
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| show | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). (p. 219)
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) | show 🗑
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| conduction hearing loss | show 🗑
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| show | retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. (p. 126)
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| confirmation bias | show 🗑
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| show | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. (p. 688)
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| conformity | show 🗑
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| confounding variable | show 🗑
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| consciousness | show 🗑
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| conservation | show 🗑
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| show | the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. (p. 538)
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| show | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. (p. 232)
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| show | in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. (p. 35)
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| conversion disorder | show 🗑
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| coping | show 🗑
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| show | the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. (p. 401)
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| corpus callosum | show 🗑
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| correlation | show 🗑
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| show | a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from −1 to +1). (p. 29)
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| counseling psychology | show 🗑
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| show | a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. (p. 611)
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| show | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. (p. 301)
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| critical period | show 🗑
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| show | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. (p. 24)
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| cross-sectional study | show 🗑
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| show | our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. (p. 464)
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| CT (computed tomography) scan | show 🗑
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| culture | show 🗑
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| show | the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants. (p. 45)
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| show | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. (p. 483)
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| deindividuation | show 🗑
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| déjà vu | show 🗑
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| show | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. (p. 180)
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| delusions | show 🗑
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| show | the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. (p. 53)
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| show | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. (p. 484)
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| dependent variable | show 🗑
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| depressants | show 🗑
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| show | the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. (p. 153)
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| show | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. (pp. 13, 411)
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| show | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd). (p. 122)
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| show | (1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (2) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. (pp. 222, 664)
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| show | in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement). (p. 230)
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| show | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. (p. 483)
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| show | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. (p. 195)
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| show | disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. (p. 577)
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| show | a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder. (p. 578)
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | show 🗑
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| double-blind procedure | show 🗑
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| Down syndrome | show 🗑
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| dream | show 🗑
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| show | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. (p. 329)
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| DSM-IV-TR | show 🗑
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| dual processing | show 🗑
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| show | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. (p. 266)
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| eclectic approach | show 🗑
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| show | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. (p. 205)
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| educational psychology | show 🗑
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| effortful processing | show 🗑
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| ego | show 🗑
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| egocentrism | show 🗑
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| show | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. (p. 632)
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| show | an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. (p. 67)
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| show | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. (p. 412)
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| show | for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. (p. 454)
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| emotion | show 🗑
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| show | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction. (p. C-1)
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| emotional intelligence | show 🗑
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| empirically derived test | show 🗑
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| empiricism | show 🗑
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| encoding | show 🗑
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| endocrine | show 🗑
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| endorphins | show 🗑
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| show | every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. (p. 95)
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| show | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. (p. 684)
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| show | sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. (p. 350)
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| show | clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. (p. 623)
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| evolutionary psychology | show 🗑
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| experiment | show 🗑
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| experimental group | show 🗑
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| experimental psychology | show 🗑
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| show | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory.) (p. 272)
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| exposure therapies | show 🗑
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| show | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. (p. 505)
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| show | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. (p. 221)
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| extrasensory perception (ESP) | show 🗑
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| show | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. (p. 237)
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| facial feedback | show 🗑
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| factor analysis | show 🗑
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| show | therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. (p. 617)
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| feature detectors | show 🗑
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| feel-good, do-good phenomenon | show 🗑
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| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | show 🗑
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| show | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. (p. 412)
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| figure-ground | show 🗑
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| fixation | show 🗑
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| fixed-interval schedule | show 🗑
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| fixed-ratio schedule | show 🗑
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| flashbulb memory | show 🗑
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| flow | show 🗑
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| fluid intelligence | show 🗑
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| show | a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function. (p. 68)
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| show | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. (p. 647)
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| formal operational stage | show 🗑
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| show | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster. (p. 127)
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| framing | show 🗑
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| show | twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. (p. 97)
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| show | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. (p. 480)
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| show | the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second). (p. 134)
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| show | in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. (p. 137)
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| show | portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. (p. 74)
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| frustration-aggression principle | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. (p. 303)
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| functionalism | show 🗑
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| fundamental attribution error | show 🗑
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| show | the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. (p. 143)
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| show | in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. (p. 435)
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| gender identity | show 🗑
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| gender role | show 🗑
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| gender typing | show 🗑
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| show | Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. (p. 399)
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| show | a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. (p. 524)
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| show | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. (p. 222)
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| generalized anxiety disorder | show 🗑
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| genes | show 🗑
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| show | the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes. (p. 96)
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| show | an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. (p. 151)
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| show | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. (p. 74)
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| show | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. (p. 333)
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| show | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. (p. 314)
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| show | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. (p. 692)
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| group polarization | show 🗑
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| show | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. (p. 152)
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| show | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. (p. 660)
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| habituation 1 | show 🗑
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| show | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. (p. 414)
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| show | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. (p. 179)
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| hallucinogens | show 🗑
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| show | a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine. (p. 397)
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| heritability | show 🗑
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| heuristic | show 🗑
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| show | Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. (p. 330)
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| higher-order conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) (p. 20)
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| show | a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. (p. 272)
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| homeostasis | show 🗑
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| show | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. (p. 62)
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| hue | show 🗑
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| human factors psychology | show 🗑
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| humanistic psychology | show 🗑
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| hypnosis | show 🗑
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| hypochondriasis | show 🗑
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| hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| show | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. (p. 25)
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| show | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. (p. 266)
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| show | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. (p. 481)
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| show | twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. (p. 96)
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| show | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos. (p. 482)
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| show | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. (p. 451)
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| show | the perception of a relationship where none exists. (p. 32)
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| show | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. (p. 263)
🗑
|
||||
| implicit memory | show 🗑
|
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| imprinting | show 🗑
|
||||
| inattentional blindness | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. (p. 329)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. (p. 35)
🗑
|
||||
| show | giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. (p. 516)
🗑
|
||||
| industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology | show 🗑
|
||||
| informational social influence | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. (p. 45)
🗑
|
||||
| show | “Us”—people with whom we share a common identity. (p. 668)
🗑
|
||||
| ingroup bias | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. (p. 135)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. (pp. 236, 300)
🗑
|
||||
| insight therapies | show 🗑
|
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| show | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. (p. 185)
🗑
|
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| instinct | show 🗑
|
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| intellectual disability | show 🗑
|
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| intelligence | show 🗑
|
||||
| intelligence quotient (IQ) | show 🗑
|
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| show | a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. (p. 524)
🗑
|
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| show | the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude. (p. 125)
🗑
|
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| interaction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the perception that you control your own fate. (p. 505)
🗑
|
||||
| show | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. (p. 53)
🗑
|
||||
| interpretation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. (p. 452)
🗑
|
||||
| intrinsic motivation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. (p. 308)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. (p. 126)
🗑
|
||||
| James-Lange theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. (p. 670)
🗑
|
||||
| show | [kin-ehs-THEE-sehs] the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. (p. 142)
🗑
|
||||
| show | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. (p. 313)
🗑
|
||||
| latent content | show 🗑
|
||||
| latent learning | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. (p. 229)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. (p. 223)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. (p. 215)
🗑
|
||||
| lens | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | [LEE-zhuhn] tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. (p. 67)
🗑
|
||||
| levels of analysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| limbic system | show 🗑
|
||||
| linguistic determinism | show 🗑
|
||||
| lobotomy | show 🗑
|
||||
| long-term memory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. (p. 269)
🗑
|
||||
| longitudinal study | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide). (p. 205)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the 2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system B lymphocytes - bone marrow - release antibodies that fight infections; T lymphocytes - thymus + other lymphatic tissue - attack foreign substances. (p. 403)
🗑
|
||||
| major depressive disorder | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. (p. 581)
🗑
|
||||
| show | according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content). (p. 188)
🗑
|
||||
| maturation | show 🗑
|
||||
| mean | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. (p. 38)
🗑
|
||||
| medical model | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | [muh-DUL-uh] the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing. (p. 69)
🗑
|
||||
| memory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | [meh-NAR-key] the first menstrual period. (p. 447)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. (p. 456)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8. (p. 533)
🗑
|
||||
| mental set | show 🗑
|
||||
| mere exposure effect | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. (p. 621)
🗑
|
||||
| methamphetamine | show 🗑
|
||||
| middle ear | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. (p. 496)
🗑
|
||||
| mirror-image perceptions | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy. (p. 243)
🗑
|
||||
| show | incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event. (p. 286)
🗑
|
||||
| show | [nih-MON-iks] memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. (p. 263)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. (p. 37)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. (p. 242)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes. (p. 102)
🗑
|
||||
| show | depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. (p. 154)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood. (p. 278)
🗑
|
||||
| show | psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder. (p. 579)
🗑
|
||||
| show | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). (p. 314)
🗑
|
||||
| motivation | show 🗑
|
||||
| motor cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| motor neurons | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. (p. 68)
🗑
|
||||
| mutation | show 🗑
|
||||
| myelin | show 🗑
|
||||
| narcolepsy | show 🗑
|
||||
| natural selection | show 🗑
|
||||
| naturalistic observation | show 🗑
|
||||
| nature-nurture issue | show 🗑
|
||||
| near-death experience | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) (p. 231)
🗑
|
||||
| nerves | show 🗑
|
||||
| nervous system | show 🗑
|
||||
| neurogenesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| neuron | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. (p. 55)
🗑
|
||||
| night terrors | show 🗑
|
||||
| norm | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | (normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes. (pp. 40, 536)
🗑
|
||||
| normative social influence | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | non–rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep. (p. 180)
🗑
|
||||
| object permanence | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | learning by observing others. Also called social learning. (p. 242)
🗑
|
||||
| show | an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). (p. 571)
🗑
|
||||
| show | [ahk-SIP-uh-tuhl] lobes portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields. (p. 74)
🗑
|
||||
| Oedipus | show 🗑
|
||||
| one-word stage | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. (p. 228)
🗑
|
||||
| operant chamber | show 🗑
|
||||
| operant conditioning | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. (p. 26)
🗑
|
||||
| show | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. (p. 201)
🗑
|
||||
| opponent-process theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| optic nerve | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change. (p. B-2)
🗑
|
||||
| other-race effect | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | “Them”—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. (p. 668)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. (p. 306)
🗑
|
||||
| panic disorder | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step processing of computers and of conscious problem solving. (pp. 130, 258)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis. (p. 166)
🗑
|
||||
| parasympathetic nervous system | show 🗑
|
||||
| parietal | show 🗑
|
||||
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | show 🗑
|
||||
| passionate love | show 🗑
|
||||
| perception | show 🗑
|
||||
| perceptual adaptation | show 🗑
|
||||
| perceptual constancy | show 🗑
|
||||
| perceptual set | show 🗑
|
||||
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness. (p. 646)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless. (p. 505)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. (p. 662)
🗑
|
||||
| personality | show 🗑
|
||||
| personality disorders | show 🗑
|
||||
| personality inventory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. (p. 13)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development. (p. B-2)
🗑
|
||||
| PET (positron emission tomography) scan | show 🗑
|
||||
| phi phenomenon | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. (p. 571)
🗑
|
||||
| show | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. (p. 313)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. (p. 197)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. (p. 134)
🗑
|
||||
| pituitary gland | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated. (p. 137)
🗑
|
||||
| show | [pluh-SEE-bo; Latin for “I shall please”] effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. (p. 35)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. (p. 82)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes). (p. 372)
🗑
|
||||
| population | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. (p. 508)
🗑
|
||||
| show | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. (p. 231)
🗑
|
||||
| posthypnotic suggestion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. (p. 573)
🗑
|
||||
| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | show 🗑
|
||||
| predictive validity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. (p. 664)
🗑
|
||||
| preoperational stage | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. (p. 231)
🗑
|
||||
| primary sex characteristics | show 🗑
|
||||
| priming | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. (p. 282)
🗑
|
||||
| show | attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. (p. C-1)
🗑
|
||||
| projection | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics. (p. 486)
🗑
|
||||
| show | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. (p. 246)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). (p. 299)
🗑
|
||||
| psychiatry | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. (p. 197)
🗑
|
||||
| psychoanalysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. (p. 10)
🗑
|
||||
| show | therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. (p. 608)
🗑
|
||||
| psychological dependence | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. (p. 562)
🗑
|
||||
| psychology | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. (p. 12)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. (p. 403)
🗑
|
||||
| psychopharmacology | show 🗑
|
||||
| psychophysics | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. (p. 403)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. (p. 482)
🗑
|
||||
| show | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. (p. 635)
🗑
|
||||
| show | treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. (p. 606)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. (p. 445)
🗑
|
||||
| punishment | show 🗑
|
||||
| pupil | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. (p. 34)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. (p. 28)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. (p. 39)
🗑
|
||||
| rationalization | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. (p. 483)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. (p. 274)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. (p. 503)
🗑
|
||||
| reciprocity norm | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. (p. 274)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. (p. 61)
🗑
|
||||
| refractory period | show 🗑
|
||||
| regression | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average. (p. 621)
🗑
|
||||
| rehearsal | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. (p. 230)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves. (p. 394)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. (p. 274)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting. (p. 538)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep). (p. 191)
🗑
|
||||
| REM sleep | show 🗑
|
||||
| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) | show 🗑
|
||||
| replication | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. (p. 304)
🗑
|
||||
| show | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. (pp. 284, 483)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma. (p. 637)
🗑
|
||||
| resistance | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. (p. 228)
🗑
|
||||
| reticular formation | show 🗑
|
||||
| retina | show 🗑
|
||||
| retinal disparity | show 🗑
|
||||
| retrieval | show 🗑
|
||||
| retroactive interference | show 🗑
|
||||
| reuptake | show 🗑
|
||||
| rods | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. (pp. 439, 647)
🗑
|
||||
| Rorschach inkblot test | show 🗑
|
||||
| savant syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. (p. 669)
🗑
|
||||
| show | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation. (p. 29)
🗑
|
||||
| schema | show 🗑
|
||||
| schizophrenia | show 🗑
|
||||
| secondary sex characteristics | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. (p. 117)
🗑
|
||||
| self | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential. (p. 491)
🗑
|
||||
| self-concept | show 🗑
|
||||
| self-disclosure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | one’s feelings of high or low self-worth. (p. 512)
🗑
|
||||
| self-fulfilling prophecy | show 🗑
|
||||
| self-serving bias | show 🗑
|
||||
| semantic encoding | show 🗑
|
||||
| semantics | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. (p. 116)
🗑
|
||||
| show | in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. (p. 419)
🗑
|
||||
| show | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness. (p. 138)
🗑
|
||||
| sensory adaptation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. (p. 77)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. (p. 147)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. (p. 257)
🗑
|
||||
| show | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. (p. 53)
🗑
|
||||
| serial position effect | show 🗑
|
||||
| set point | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). (p. 354)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. (p. 349)
🗑
|
||||
| show | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. (p. 229)
🗑
|
||||
| short-term memory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | theory predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation (noise). There is no single absolute threshold; detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness. (p. 121)
🗑
|
||||
| sleep apnea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. (p. 465)
🗑
|
||||
| social-cognitive perspective | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking. (p. 10)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. (p. 687)
🗑
|
||||
| social facilitation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships. (p. 451)
🗑
|
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| social leadership | show 🗑
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| social learning theory | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. (p. 658)
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| show | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. (pp. 13, 643)
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| social-responsibility norm | show 🗑
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| social trap | show 🗑
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| show | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. (p. 59)
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| show | psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (See conversion disorder and hypochondriasis.) (p. 576)
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| source amnesia | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. (p. 260)
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| split brain | show 🗑
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| spontaneous recovery | show 🗑
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| spotlight effect | show 🗑
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| show | a study method incorporating five steps Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review. (p. 14)
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| show | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. (p. 39)
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| show | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. (p. 536)
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| Stanford-Binet | show 🗑
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| show | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. (p. 41)
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| show | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. (p. 664)
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| stereotype threat | show 🗑
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| stimulants | show 🗑
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| storage | show 🗑
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| stranger anxiety | show 🗑
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| stress | show 🗑
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| structuralism | show 🗑
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| structured interviews | show 🗑
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| sublimation | show 🗑
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| subliminal | show 🗑
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| show | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. (p. 482)
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| superordinate goals | show 🗑
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| survey | show 🗑
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| show | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (p. 59)
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| show | [SIN-aps] the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft. (p. 55)
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| syntax | show 🗑
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| show | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. (p. 611)
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| show | involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors. (p. 629)
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| show | goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals. (p. B-12)
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| show | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—“go car”—using mostly nouns and verbs. (p. 316)
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| show | a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. (p. 428)
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| temporal lobes | show 🗑
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| show | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. (p. 413)
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| terror-management theory | show 🗑
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| show | the most important of the male sex hormones. The additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. (pp. 350, 438)
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| thalamus | show 🗑
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| show | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. (p. 206)
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | show 🗑
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| theory | show 🗑
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| theory of mind | show 🗑
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| show | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. (p. 54)
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| show | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. (p. 614)
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| show | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect. (p. 197)
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|
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| show | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. (p. 116)
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| trait | show 🗑
|
||||
| transduction | show 🗑
|
||||
| transference | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. (p. 367)
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|
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| two-word stage | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type A | show 🗑
|
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| Type B | show 🗑
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| unconditional positive regard | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. (p. 219)
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|
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| unconditioned stimulus (US) | show 🗑
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| unconscious | show 🗑
|
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| validity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. (p. 233)
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|
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| variable-ratio schedule | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. (p. 142)
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|
||||
| virtual reality exposure therapy | show 🗑
|
||||
| visual cliff | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the encoding of picture images. (p. 261)
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|
||||
| wavelength | show 🗑
|
||||
| Weber’s law | show 🗑
|
||||
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | show 🗑
|
||||
| well-being | show 🗑
|
||||
| Wernicke’s area | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. (p. 197)
🗑
|
||||
| working memory | show 🗑
|
||||
| X chromosome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Y chromosome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color. (p. 132)
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|
||||
| show | the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. (p. 412)
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|
||||
| show | periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.) (p. 178)
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Popular Psychology sets