241 Radiobiology Unit 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| ALARA stands for what | show 🗑
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| show | Background Equivalent Radiation Time
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| Perceived Risk is | show 🗑
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| show | the comparison between 2 or more activities
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| show | small
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| show | True
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| If radiation is overused it dose benefit the public health and is beneficial on the bell curve, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | Yes, when both the risk is low(positive) and the benefit is high(positive) then the patient will benefit the most, however if the Risk is high and the benefit is low (negative) then the patient should not have the exam
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| show | Radiologic science professionals
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| show | Radiographer, Nuclear medicine technologists and radiation therapists
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| show | 1)Promote diagnostic/therapeutic efficacy of exams,2)Provide Radiation protection,3)provide the highest level of patient care possible
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| show | Technologists
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| show | genetically significant dose
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| show | population- it indicates the genetic load on the population
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| show | Entrance skin exposure
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| Entrance skin exposure (ESE) is determined how | show 🗑
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| show | technologists who avoid unnecessary radiation only as much as they are compelled to do so by mandate of law or department rules
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| Actively involved technologists are what | show 🗑
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| Radiologists are not considered educators, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | 1)Oblivious person,2)Uninvolved person,3)Resistant person,4)Someday person,5)Focused person, and 6)Comprehensive person
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| Laws are rules of behavior that do not have to be followed , True or False | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | American Society of Radiologic Technologists
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| TS/SNM stands for | show 🗑
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| show | that technologists must report faulty/broken equipment
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| Licensure is the process by which some competent authority grants permission to a qualified individual or entity to perform certain specified activities, True or False | show 🗑
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| The goal of licensure is | show 🗑
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| Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981 states | show 🗑
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| show | 1)A duty on the part of the professional exists,2)a breach of duty must be shown,3)the cause must be due to an action on the part of the professional,4)An injury must be proven
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| As students we have a duty to ____attempt examinations until ready to do so | show 🗑
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| X-rays are a form of _______ ______ | show 🗑
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| Xrays are similar to ____ ____ but are of shorter wavelength | show 🗑
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| Xrays have ____ mass or charge but behave as both ___ and ____ depending on how they are viewed | show 🗑
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| A photon is what | show 🗑
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| Xrays are the ____ penetrating electromagnetic waves | show 🗑
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| Xrays have the ability to pass though matter, True or False | show 🗑
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| Xrays are heterogeneous meaning | show 🗑
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| Xrays are polyenergetic meaning | show 🗑
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| show | thicknesses of the parts and atomic number of tissue
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| show | straight divergent lines isotrophically (in all directions)
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| show | FALSE
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| Xrays are electrically neutral, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | False- Xrays have no mass or particle they are considered “pure energy”
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| show | Matter
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| show | TRUE
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| Scatter Radiation is produced when xray interacts with matter and have their direction and or energy levels ______ | show 🗑
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| show | crystals
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| Xrays affect ______ film | show 🗑
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| Xrays ____ all matter including gases | show 🗑
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| show | FALSE
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| show | 1)Plain Film radiography,2)Fluoroscopy,3)Tomography,4)Mammography,5)Computed radiography,6)Computed tomography
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| What are the 3 components of an xray tube | show 🗑
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| show | cathode to Anode
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| show | TRUE
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| show | Maximum, penetrating
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| The Radiation produced in the tube is called _____ _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic
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| show | braking radiation
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| show | an inner shell electron is knocked out and then an outer shell electron drops into its place
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| show | radiation that does not pass thought the window and is of diagnostic use (leaks out of the tube housing)
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| show | Remnant radiation
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| Radiation that is produced in the patient is called | show 🗑
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| Alternating current is what | show 🗑
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| show | Rectification
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| 3 types of rectification are | show 🗑
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| show | Negative, Positive
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| show | 60
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| The problem with single phase rectification is that ______ is not constant | show 🗑
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| show | a measure of the average energy in the beam
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| In single phase rectification you are only getting about ____ % of the peak voltage set | show 🗑
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| show | Three
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| Voltage never goes all the way to 0 when using three phase, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | 92%
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| The RMS value of a 3phase 12 pulse is ____% | show 🗑
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| show | 6000
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| The RMS value of High frequency generators is ___ to ___% | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ generators the mA is not constant but is allowed to decrease during the exposure | show 🗑
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| The main purpose of falling load generators is to reduce ___ ___ and permit a better use of the ___ ____ | show 🗑
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| In Falling load generators the technologist can only set ____ | show 🗑
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| show | 1)Capacitor-discharge, 2) Battery powered
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| show | Fluoroscopic imaging
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| _____ _____ is a piece of equipment that emits light when struck by xrays in fluoroscopy | show 🗑
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| Intensification screens do what | show 🗑
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| The weakest link in fluoroscopic imaging process is the ____ _____ _____ | show 🗑
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| Resolution is measured in _______ | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| The minification gain is calculated by the ratio of the area of the imput phosphor (Screen) to the output screen squared, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | Radiation
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| show | energy in transit
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| When did Roentgen discover xrays | show 🗑
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| show | Becquerel
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| Becquerel discovered 3 different types of radiation that were later named by Ernest Rutherford, what are their names | show 🗑
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| show | Ionizing
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| show | Natural and Man made
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| show | Z
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| Changing the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom often makes it ______ | show 🗑
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| ____radiation is made up of four particles and does not penetrate matter easily | show 🗑
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| Alpha radiation is the ______moving radiation | show 🗑
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| ______ radiation is made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons and has a mass of ___amu(atomic mass units) | show 🗑
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| show | nuclear disintegration
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| Naturally occurring alpha particles can travel ___ to ___ cm | show 🗑
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| Alpha particles can penetrate a piece of paper, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| Alpha particles are Helium nuclei that have no electrons, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | Beta radiation
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| Beta particles can travel approx 3 meters/MeV of energy in air and up to several ______ in tissue | show 🗑
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| Beta particles are used in medical treatments, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | magnetic field—this suggests that they consist of streams of charged particles (Electrons)
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| _____ and ____ are similar to visible light, radio waves, and microwaves | show 🗑
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| All electromagnetic waves travel with the same velocity what is it | show 🗑
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| show | Gamma, X
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| Gamma rays are identical to Xrays in 5 ways name them | show 🗑
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| show | within
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| Most radioactive materials used in medicine emit gamma rays, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | short distance irradiation of cancer close to the surface of the body or within the body
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| Teletherapy means what | show 🗑
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| show | Systeme International (SI) and Traditional (AKA Customary units)
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| When measuring radiation in air the traditional unit used is the ____ and the SI unit is _____ | show 🗑
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| show | 3MeV
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| show | Alpha particle
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| Alpha particles have a charge of ____ | show 🗑
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| show | -1, +1
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| show | RAD(Radiation Absorbed Dose) and Gray(Gy)
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| show | Kinetic Energy Released in Matter
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| A Rad is defined as an energy transfer of 100ergs (small unit of energy) per gram of any absorbing material, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | 1
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| show | Roetgens(exposure), Rads(energy transfer)
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| ____are determined by multiplying the absorbed dose(RAD) times a quality factor and are expressed as dose equivalences | show 🗑
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| show | Radiation equivalent man
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| show | Rem and Sievert
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| show | Quality Factor
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| show | True
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| When measuring Radioactivity the traditional unit is the ____ and the SI unit is the ____ | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| Curie is defined as ________disintegrations per second of any radioactive substance | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | True
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| The activity of a radiation source does not remain constant but tends to decrease with time this is known as | show 🗑
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| show | Half life- the time it takes a radioactive material to decay to 50% of the original activity
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| ____ are used in dosimetry and measure biologic effects | show 🗑
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| show | 2.58x10-4
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| show | 0.01
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| show | 0.01
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| show | 3.7x1010
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| show | Dosimetry
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| ____is a device used to detect and measure exposure to radiation | show 🗑
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| ____is a person who plans an optimal radiation treatment dosage pattern or who establishes a radiation distribution pattern for Radiation therapy | show 🗑
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| show | Field survey instruments and Personnel monitors
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| Field survey instruments come in 3 basic types name them | show 🗑
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| _____ _____ determines the amount of radiation by collecting ions in a chamber filled with gas | show 🗑
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| Ionization chambers are sensitive to a wide range of radation energies from about ___ to ____ and are portable | show 🗑
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| show | xrays, gamma rays and high energy beta
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| show | True
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| show | True
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| GM counters can detect what 3 types of radation | show 🗑
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| GM counters are most useful in detection rather than measurement of radiation sources, and should not be used for exposure or rate measurements, True or False | show 🗑
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| _______ ______ uses a sodium iodide or cesium iodide crystal that produces small flashes of light upon exposure to radiation | show 🗑
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| show | photomultiplier tube
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| show | xray and gamma
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| show | Film Badges, Thermoluminescent dosimeters, and pocket ionization chambers
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| show | 1)portability, 2) Ruggedness, 3) sensitivity, 4) reliability and 5) low cost
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| Personnel monitoring is preformed in any situation in which an individual is expected to receive 10% of the effective dose equivalent, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | Film badges
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| show | 10mRem
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| show | 50
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| show | filters
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| show | Radiation dosimetry report
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| show | 4-6
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| Radiation dosimetry reports are normally measured in ______ | show 🗑
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| show | Thermoluminescent dosimeter
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| show |
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| show | False, TLDs are sensitive to about 5 mrem
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| TLD’s biggest disadvantage is what | show 🗑
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| Ring Badges are a film badge, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | Pocket Ionization chambers
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| Pocket Ionization chambers are not easily damaged by mechanical trauma, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | Xray and Gamma
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| Pocket Ionization chambers that can be held to the light and read are called ____ _____ | show 🗑
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| show | absorption or scatter
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| show | attenuation
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| show | True
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| show | remnant or exit radiation
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| Gamma radiation is produced outside the nucleus of atoms and are considered monoenergetic | show 🗑
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| HVL means what | show 🗑
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| show | Transmission
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| show | True
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| What shell in an atom has the highest binding energy | show 🗑
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| show | potential
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| show | True
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| show | 1)Atomic Density, 2)Atomic number, 3) Energy of beam is increased, 4)Electons per gram
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| show | 1) Photoelectric effect, 2) Compton Scatter, 3) Coherent scatter, 4) Pair production, 5) Photodisintegration
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| ______ _____ all of the energy of the incoming photon is totally transferred to the atom. | show 🗑
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| Photoelectric effects occurs when the incoming photon excites an inner shell electron to the point of breaking its binding energy and causing it to eject from the atom, True or False | show 🗑
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| Lead has a z number of ___ and a K shell energy of __ | show 🗑
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| Barium has a Z number of ___ and a K shell energy of ___ | show 🗑
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| show | 74, 70
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| show | 1) are more likely to occur if the photon’s energy is greater than but close to the binding energy of the electron and 2) have a greater likelihood of occurrence when the electron is more tightly bound in its orbit
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| show | 1/3
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| The likelihood of photoelectric interactions is approx ___ | show 🗑
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| show | Ion Pairs
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| show | photoelectrons or Recoil electrons
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| One photoelectric interaction may cause many more ion pairs to be formed because why | show 🗑
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| show | outer, Characteristic cascade
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| show | Secondary Radiation
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| ___ ____ is a process in which a photon is partially absorbed by an outer shell electron being ejected from its atom while the rest of the photon exits the atom. | show 🗑
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| show | False Compton scatter is the largest hazard to personnel
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| show | Compton or Recoil electron
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| The angle of deflection refers to the degree of change in the photon when it has been scattered, it can range from ___ to ___ degrees | show 🗑
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| If a photon changes directions 180 Degrees it is called _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Classic, Rayleigh, or Thompson
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| _____ ____ the photon causes excitation in the over all energy of the atom rather than ionization, the energy is then released in a different direction but has the same energy and wavelength as it went into the atom with. | show 🗑
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| ____ _____ occus when the incoming photon has energy of above 1.02 MeV | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | Negatron and Positron
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| Negatrons are not easily absorbed by other tissues, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | True, they are a positively charged electron, and are not able to exist freely in nature
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| show | annihilation reaction
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| show | False, Z number needs to Increase
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| ______ occurs above 10MeV, a high energy photon is absorbed by the nucleus and becomes excited, causing it to become radioactive, to revert to a stable state the nucleus ejects a neutrons, protons, alpha particles, clusters of fragments and or gamma rays | show 🗑
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| Alpha radiation is _______energetic | show 🗑
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| Beta particles and positrons are ______energetic | show 🗑
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| 2 main types of interactions of charged particles with matter are ___ and ____ | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| Inelastic interactions the total energy is changed after the interaction because some of the kinetic energy is transformed into other types of energy such as xrays, True or False | show 🗑
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| show | TRUE
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| show | Linear Energy Transfer
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| show | Specific Ionization
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| show | True it is the rate at which energy is deposited in the form of charged particles as it travels though matter
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| show | False as SI increases so does LET
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| Specific Ionization (SI) is the number of ion pairs produced per u nit of distance traveled | show 🗑
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| show | False, Xrays are considered low because they do not give off energy easily but they have high penetrability
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| _____ ____ is the actual measure of radiation received by a portion of the patients skin and is measured by ______ | show 🗑
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| show | Entrance skin Exposure
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| show | Depth Dose
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| _____ _____ is the dose received by a particular organ | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ is sometimes used instead of Organ Dose | show 🗑
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| show | Integral dose
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| show | 1)amount of the radionuclide in curies 2)Physical half life ofthe radionuclide 3)mixture of radiation such as alpha,beta and emitted,4)Fraction ofthe substance in each organ ofthe body 5)the biologic half life of the material
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| ____ ____ is the length of time the substance remains in each organ of the body | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| show | 30-15
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| show | 150kv-3MV
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| Coherent scatter happens at what voltage level | show 🗑
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| show | 1.02
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| Photodisintegration happens at what voltage level | show 🗑
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| Negative pi-meson are what | show 🗑
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| show | with 1 proton and 1 neutron
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| show | True
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| show | Skin Erythema Dose
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| F-Factor depends on energy of phton, atomic # , density, and thickness of tissue, True or False | show 🗑
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| The F- Factor is another indicator of absorbed dose, True or False | show 🗑
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| The ratio between the # of R and the # of Rads is the _______ | show 🗑
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| Xrays have a QF of | show 🗑
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| show | 2
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| show | 5
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| show | 20
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| show | 20
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| MCP unknown energy have QF of | show 🗑
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| show | Rad times QF
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| DE(Sv)= | show 🗑
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| ______ _____ Radiation is measured indirectly by measuring effect radiation has on a medium such as air or film or crystals | show 🗑
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| show | 150mRem
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| show | 240mRem
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| show | 560mRem
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| Government occupational exposure is what | show 🗑
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| show | 160mRem
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| show | 180mRem
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| show | 9mRem
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| OSL stands for | show 🗑
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| OSL use what phosphor | show 🗑
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| show | laser light
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| show | radiation exposure
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| show | cutie pie
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| show | exposure rate
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| Proportional counters are used in labs to detect what ____ and ____ | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ is a device used to accelerate subatomic particles for radiation therapy, radionuclide production and physics research | show 🗑
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| Linear Accelarators produces megavoltages of ___ to ___ | show 🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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