Court Cases Test
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| A. It bars quota systems in college admissions but affirms the constitutionality of affirmative action programs.B. the fact that the state created a racially gerrymandered district raises a valid constitutional issue under the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. It must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny.C. Nixon’s efforts to prevent the publication of the Pentagon Papers in the NY Times was unconstitutional, because it would not cause an inevitable, direct, and immediate event imperiling the safety of American forces.D. Struck down anti-indecency provisions of the Communications Decency Act (the CDA), finding they violated the freedom of speech provisions of the First AmendmentE. Wearing armbands is akin to pure speech so it is protected by the first amendment. Although school environments imply limitations on free expression, here the principals lack justifications for inposing limits.F. Searches can be conducted with standards of reasonable suspicion rather than probable cause and justifies searches.G. Obscenity is not “within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press.” Test: “whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest.”H. President can’t line-item veto.I. The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures requires the police to obtain a search warrant in order to wiretap a public pay phone. J. Unanimous decision declaring "separate but equal" unconstitutional.K. new standard to determine the validity of laws restricting abortions: whether it is an “undue burden,” L. Unconstitutional to reimburse nonpublic schools because it violates the Establishment Clause. Lemon test, (1) ecular legilstaive purpose (2) not advance or inhibit religion and (3) no excessive government entanglement. M. Congress can regulate labor relations in a factoryN. Restrictions on individual contributions to political campaigns did not violate the First Amendment, but government restriction of independent expenditures and limitation total campaign expenditures did violate the First Amendment.O. The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.P. The government had no authority to regulate firearms in school zones because it exceeds the power of Congress to legislate under the Commerce Clause so the federal law was unconstitutional.Q. it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools.R. the university's point system (which automatically awarded points to underrepresented ethnic groups) was too mechanistic in its use of race as a factor in admissions, and was therefore unconstitutionalS. Districts have to be approximately equal in population, with a “one person, one vote.” T. Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." |
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