ANSC 240 Final Exam Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| The non ruminant stomach = ? | Monogastric |
| How many gallons can the stomachs of sheep and goats hold? | ~ 4 1/2 gallons |
| How many gallons can the stomach of a cow hold? | ~ 36 gallons |
| T or F: Microbial composition in the rumen changes with diet | True |
| Fresh forages are ___ ‐ ___% moisture (water). | 25 - 50% |
| T or F: Balance and pasture/forage availability between seasons is not essential | False |
| What is the stocking rate for sheep and goats? | 5 small ruminant units per 1 cpw-calf unit |
| How many hours grazing do cattle spend? | 8 hrs |
| How many hours grazing to sheep spend? | 7 hrs |
| How many hours grazing do goats spend? | 6 hrs |
| How many hours grazing do horses spend? | 14 hrs |
| Why is rotational grazing important? | Improves performance (weight gain, etc.) 20 ‐ 30%! Improves pasture quality |
| How often do you rotate animals if on a rotational grazing system? | 2 to 4 day intervals |
| When do you implement strategic supplementation of small ruminants? | • Milk and Creep Feeding; • Flushing (Pre‐Breeding Females); • Pre‐Breeding Males; • Late Pregnancy (last 6 wk); • Early lactation (first 8 wk); • Drought & Poor Pastures. |
| What is the definition of mixed species grazing? | the use of two or more species of herbivorous animals foraging a common field. |
| Mixed species grazing is also referred to as what? | Multi species grazing |
| Graze: | Either pure or mixed stands of native or planted forage crops such as fescue, alfalfa, clover, ryegrass, etc. |
| Forbs: | Weed‐like plants are often found in these same pastures. |
| Browse: | Consist of broadleaf plants, including those found on bushes and many deciduous trees |
| What kind of grazers are cattle? | Bulk and roughage grazers |
| What does it mean to be a bulk and roughage grazer? | To consume large amounts of forages grazing pastures in a non‐selective manner. With each bite, a cow on pasture consumes a mouthful of plant material, in a bulk and non‐ selective manner. |
| What kind of grazers are goats ? | Intermediate feeders (concentrate feeders) |
| What does it mean to be an intermediate feeder/ concentrate feeder? | Prefer browse and forbs over grazing; highly selective of the more succulent and nutritious parts of plants |
| Sheep are also considered intermediate feeders but what is the difference between them and goats? | They prefer grasses over forbs and browse; sheep are far more selective in the plant material they eat than cattle are but less selective than goats |
| T or F: Internal parasites are not a significant threat facing today’s small ruminant producer | False - They are a threat |
| What are the problems associated with parasites, particularly those of the gastrointestinal tract of sheep and goats? | Irreversible damage or even death to the animal, reduced performance and economic loss for the producer |
| Why is prevention and control of the parasites that infect sheep and goats becoming increasing difficult? | Overuse and improper use of the available anthelmintic dewormers, which results in increasing resistance by parasites to common anthelmintics |
| What is the most deadly internal parasite to small ruminants in the Midwestern United States? | The gastrointestinal roundworm, Haemonchus contortus, also known as the “barber pole worm" |
| What is Haemonchus contortus? | A blood sucking parasite that can cause severe anemia, protein loss and death in goats and sheep |
| T or F: Sheep and goats are affected for the most part by the same parasites. | True |
| T or F: Goats are more susceptible to roundworm infestation than sheep. | True |
| How long is the lifecycle of Haemonchus contortus? | Approximately 21 days to complete |
| What is the life cycle of the Barber Pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) ? | Larvae ingested while grazing/ develop into adults inside host > Adult worms feed/reproduce in abomasum > Eggs passed in feces > Eggs hatch and larvae develop into infective third stage > larvae leave fecal pellets and travel up grass > start over |
| What are the symptoms that correlate to parasite infection? | Diarrhea, weight loss or reduced weight gain, unthriftiness, loss of appetite, and reduced reproductive capacity and performance |
| What are the methods used to control internal parasites? | (1) use of anthelmintics (dewormers); (2) animal management; and (3) pasture management |
| What are anthelmintics? | Drugs that either kill egg laying adults, or kill larvae before they become adults and become capable of laying eggs |
| When can sheep first be bred? | 7 - 9 months of age |
| T or F: Sheep are seasonal breeders or seasonally polyestrous | True |
| How long is the estrous cycle of ewes? | ~ 17 days |
| How long does estrus last for a ewe? | 24 - 36 hours |
| What is Flehmen Response? | The classic behavior response of the ram when he detects a ewe in heat is to lift his nose in the air and curl his upper lip |
| What is the ratio between a mature ram and ewes in terms of breeding? | one (1) mature ram breeding 35 to 50 ewes |
| How many ewes can a ram breed up to in one season? | 100 |
| When is sexual maturity reached in rams? | 7 - 8 months old |
| T or F: It is okay to to mix young rams with mature rams. | False |
| How long does sperm production take? | Approx. 50 days |
| T or F: It is usually recommended that ewes be vaccinated during late pregnancy for the clostridial diseases that most commonly affect lambs | True |
| T or F: By vaccinating the pregnant ewe, the lambs acquire no temporary, passive immunity when they drink the colostrum, the first milk produced by the ewe after lambing | False |
| T or F: A ewe's natural‐acquired immunity to internal parasites (worms + coccidia) is weakened around the time of lambing. Thus, it is a common to deworm ewes during their last month of pregnancy | True |
| T or F: During her last month of pregnancy, a ewe needs extra nutrition because her lambs are growing rapidly inside of her and her mammary (udder) tissue is developing. | True |
| Approximately ___% of fetal growth occurs during the last month of pregnancy. | 70% |
| T or F: Ewes carrying multiple fetuses are most prone to a metabolic disorder called pregnancy toxemia (or ketosis), caused by an inadequate intake of energy (calories) during late pregnancy. | True |
| What is the gestation length for an ewe? | 142 - 152 days; 5 months |
| What is the STAR Lambing Season used for? | Gives ewes the opportunity to produce lambs five times within a three year period |
| What are the three stages to partiuration? | 1)dilation of the cervix (3‐4 hr) 2) expulsion of the fetuses (within 1 hr or less from the rupture of the first water bag) 3) expulsion of the placenta (passed 2 to 3 hr after delivery is finished. |
| T or F: Twin births is most common in well‐managed flocks. First time moms, especially yearlings, are more likely to have single twin births as well. | False - First time moms are more likely to have single births |
| When do ewes produce their biggest litters? | When they are between the ages of 3 - 6 months. |
| T or F: Oftentimes, extra lambs (> 2 lambs) need to be cross -fostered onto other ewes or artificially reared. | True |
| When birth weights get too large what can be encountered? | Difficult births |
| T or F: Single born lambs weight the same as twin born lambs. | False - Single born lambs weigh more than twin born lambs |
| Lambs are usually able to stand within ___ minutes after birth | 30 minutes |
| What is the name of the first milk the ewe produces? | Colostrum |
| What does colostrum contain and why is it important to newborn lambs? | It is very nutritious and contains antibodies that protect the lamb from infection during the early part of its life. It's important that a lamb consume adequate colostrum during its first 24 hours of life. |
| Weaning: | When lambs are no longer allowed to nurse their dams and consume a milk diet; separation from the dam |
| T or F: There is no 'best age/time' to wean although the average is about 4 months. | True |
| When does a ewe's milk production peak? | 3 to 4 weeks after lambing |
| T or F: About 50% of all milk is produced in the first 8 weeks of lactation. | False - About 74% or all milk is produced in the first 8 weeks of lactation. |
| T or F: Orphan lambs should not be weaned unless they are consuming significant quantities of dry feed. | True |
| T or F: Weaning is more stressful for ewes than for lambs. | False - Weaning is more stressful for lambs than ewes |
| T or F: At weaning lambs are more susceptible to internal parasites because their immune system is not fully developed. | True |
| When weaning who should be removed from the other? | During weaning, ewes should be removed from the lambs; lambs stay in the same location to reduce stress |
| T or F: It is recommended that ewes and lambs be kept close enough together that they can hear each other. (weaning) | False - It is recommended that ewes and lambs be kept far enough apart that they cant hear each other. |
| What illness is most common in newly weaned lambs? | Coccidiosis (Black Leg Disease) and worm parasites |
| When do does reach puberty? | 4 - 12 months of age |
| T or F: Does are seasonally polyestrous. | True |
| How long is a doe's estrous cycle? | 18 - 24 days |
| How long is a doe's estrus period? | 12-36 hours |
| How long is a doe's gestation length? | Between 145 - 152 days; 5 months |
| When does a buck reach puberty? | As early as four months |
| At one year of age bucks should service how many does max? | No more than 10 does at a time (in one month) |
| At 2 years of age bucks should be able to serve how many does max? | 25 does at a time |
| At 3 years of age bucks should be able to serve how many does max? | Up to 40 does as long as his health and nutritional needs are met. |
| How many gallons of water will sheep and goats consume per day? | 2 - 3 gallons of water per day |
| T or F: Water intake has no correlation to feed intake. | False - Water intake is positively correlated to feed intake |
| T or F: Water intake increases 30‐150% with lactation | True |
| When is colostrum intake most important? | Within the first 2 days |
| When should you start lambs/kids on creep feed with access to forage, TMS, and water? | 3 weeks of age |
| When should you supplement feeds? | Depending on forage quality/quanitity |
| T or F: For a replacement female it is important not to underfeed but it does not matter if you overfeed. | False - Replacement females should not be underfed nor overfed either |
| What is flushing and when do you do this? | Feed breeding females lush pasture or concentrate feeds; 0.5 - 1 pound/day for 3 weeks prior to breeding to3 weeks after breeding |
| What is the result of not including NH4Cl (0.5‐2%) in feeds for the breeding male? | Urolithaisis (Kidney stones) |
| What phase is the most 'nutrient demanding' production phase in mammals? | During lactation |
| What should you feed the lactating female? | Quality pasture forage, dietary supplements, TMS, and water |
| T or F: Sheep are 10 times more susceptible than goats to copper toxicity | True |
| What is milk fever? | Hypocalcemia - calcium definiency |
| Small ruminant products: | - Meat - Fiber - Dairy - Ground/Field clearance - Other use |
| What is the sheep dressing percentage (carcass wght/ live wght) ? | About 40 -50 % |
| What is the sheep percent lean (muscle wght/live wght) ? | About 30 % |
| What is the goat dressing percentage (carcass wght/ live wght) ? | About 42 -50% |
| What is the goat percent lean (muscle wght/live wght) ? | About 22 - 25% |
| How much fat and protein does sheeps milk contain? | 7% fat and 6% protein |
| Angora and cashmere goats are used primarily for what? | Fiber |
| Why would you use sheep as a pose to goats if wanting to clear land around solar panels? | Goats will jump on the panels as well as destroy them. |
| T or F: Farms & Industries Use Sheep as “Environmentally Friendly Weed‐Eaters”. | True |
| The incorporation and use of goats in the control of forest understory growth helps prevent what? | Forest fires |
| What is the relationship between an animals size and it's foraging behavior? | The larger the ruminant, the more likely it is that it will be classified as a bulk and roughage grazer, whereas the smaller the ruminant, the more likely it is that they fall within the intermediate feeder or concentrate feeder herbivore category. |
| T or F: Goats and deer may be more resistant to certain naturally‐occurring plant‐ protecting compounds than cattle, and even sheep. | True |
| What is the stocking rate for cattle? | 1 cow-calf unit for every 1 - 3 acres of land |
| What are the benefits of mixed species grazing? | 1. Can Assist in Weed Control and Pasture Reclamation. 2. Can Assist in the Management of Internal Parasites. 3. Can Provide Protection Against Predators. |
| What is a Bos taurus? | Common cow |
| What is a Bos indicus? | Cow with hump, a lot of loose skin, and floppy ears |
| Who is the progenitor of modern day cattle? | Aurochs (Bos primigenius) |
| All cattle are descended from how many animals that were domesticated from wild ox some 10,500 years ago? | As few as 80 animals |
| What are the five most popular U.S. beef cattle breeds according to the U.S cattlemen's Beef Board? | - Black Angus - Charolais - Hereford - Simmental - Red Angus |
| Why are Brahman (indicus) important in terms of environmental adaptability? | - Dark skin pigmentation - Ability to use/maximize lower -quality feed - Travel longer distances for feed and water - Resist insects and internal parasites - Environment doesn't limit ability to reproduce |
| What are Brahman (indicus) cattle often referred to in terms of breeding? | "crossbreeding's common denominator" |
| What makes Brahman heat tolarant? | Their short, thick, glossy hair coat reflects the sun’s rays; an abundance of loose skin increases body surface area exposed to cooling; their ability to sweat freely |
| T or F: American Brahman females are highly recognized for their superior maternal ability, longevity and fertility —consistently producing calves, year after year | True |
| How much water should you provide for cattle? | 1.5 gallons per each 100 pounds of body weight |
| Grasses include: | orchardgrass, bromegrass, timothy and tall fescue |
| Legumes include: | alfalfa, red clover, white clover, ladino clover and birdsfoot trefoil |
| What CP% should a cattle ration be? | 14 % CP |
| What is the average birth weight of a calf? | 50 - 120 pounds depending on breed |
| What is the average weaning age for cattle? | 5 - 8 months 400 - 800 lbs |
| What is the mature weight for cattle? | 900 - 1,800 lbs for females 1,400 - 3,000 lbs for males both breed dependant |
| What is the slaughter weight for cattle? | Ranges between 1,000 - 1,500 lbs liveweight |
| What is a heifers 'breeding age' ? | 14 - 19 months old |
| T or F: Heifers are bred to calve at 2 years of age. | True |
| How long is a cow's estrous cycle? | 21 days |
| How long is a cow's estrus ? | 13-17 hours |
| How long after calving will cows come back into heat? | About 45 days |
| What is the desirable calving interval? | About 12 months |
| T or F: Bulls don't have to be the about the same age as the heifers they are breeding. | False - Bulls should be about the same age as the heifers they are breeding |
| How many cows should one young bull 'cover'? | About 20 cows |
| How many cows should an over be able to breed? | About 30 cows |
| Define heritability. | The difference in individuals that is related to genetic make-up (i.e., DNA, genes); the portion of the difference in genetic traits passed on from generation to generation |
| What are the 3 stages of parturition? | 1. Preparatory Stage (2 – 6 hours) 2. Delivery Stage (Calving or Fetal Expulsion; 1 hour or less) 3. Afterbirth Stage (Expulsion of Placental Tissues; 2 – 8 hours) |
| T or F: Newborn calves need protection against the weather and therefore windbreaks for calving cows when wind chill temps are below 20 degrees F should be provided. | True |
| How many hours will a cow spend on chewing cud daily? (average) | About 6 hours |
| Define passive immunity | Immunity that passes from the cow to her calf in colostrum |
| Define active immnity | Either naturally developed from exposure to a disease or as the result of an immunization program |
| T or F: A good herd health program should begin in the cow herd prior to the calves being born. | True |
| Why is it important to vaccinate before the birth of a calf? | By doing this it stimulates the immune system in the cow causing her to build the necessary antibodies to provide passive immunity to her calf in colostrum |
| When should cows be vaccinated? | 45 -60 days pre calving 30 days prior to breeding |
| T or F: Withdrawal times are only suggestions and should not be followed/ practiced at all times | False - Withdrawal times must be practiced at all times |
| What is a face fly and what do they do? | About the size of a house fly, face flies are responsible for transmission of pinkeye |
| What is a horn fly and what do they do? | - Horn flies reproduce in fresh manure - Bite and suck blood and irritate anima - On backs of cattle |
| What are heal flies/warbles and what do they do? | - Flies lay eggs on heels of cattle in late winter and early spring - Eggs hatch and burrow into skin and travel through body, emerging in fall along the back |
| What are ways of managing ectoparasites? | - Spraying, dusting, dipping, ear tags & oral larvacides - Sanitation – remove breeding sites of flies - Ear tags impregnated with insecticides have been very effective - Change tag brands each year to avoid resistant strains. - Sticky tape |
| How many cows are in the beef cow industry? | About 30 million (2022) |
| What is the structure of the beef industry? | 1. Seedstock Production 2. Cow‐Calf Production 3. Feedlot/Finishing Operation 4. Stocker (Yearling) Operation 5. Replacement Heifers |
| What is the role of seedstock production? | The primary goal of this industry segment is to produce breeding stock (purebred or controlled crossbred) that produce the parent generation of cattle for commercial calf producers. |
| What is a seedstock production's greatest demand ? | Bulls |
| What is the role of cow calf production? | Raising a cow that at two years of age has a calf that is raised about 6 months and then sold to another individual who puts more weight on the animal (Feedlot/Finishing or Stocker Operations |
| When is a calf weaned? | About 6 months of age |
| What are the methods of weaning? | Total Separation Fence line weaning Nose plates |
| What is the role of feedlot/finishing? | Taking weaned calves and stocker calves (600 – 850 pounds BW) and raising them to a harvesting weight (around 1200 pounds BW) or more based on body condition of the calf. Normally lasts 120 – 150 days |
| What is the role of stocker (yearling) calf operations? | to produce the heaviest calves possible with the least cost. |
Created by:
Victoria Guadiano
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