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ANSC 240 Final Exam

Question	Answer
The non ruminant stomach = ?	Monogastric
How many gallons can the stomachs of sheep and goats hold?	~ 4 1/2 gallons
How many gallons can the stomach of a cow hold?	~ 36 gallons
T or F: Microbial composition in the rumen changes with diet	True
Fresh forages are ___ ‐ ___% moisture (water).	25 - 50%
T or F: Balance and pasture/forage availability between seasons is not essential	False
What is the stocking rate for sheep and goats?	5 small ruminant units per 1 cpw-calf unit
How many hours grazing do cattle spend?	8 hrs
How many hours grazing to sheep spend?	7 hrs
How many hours grazing do goats spend?	6 hrs
How many hours grazing do horses spend?	14 hrs
Why is rotational grazing important?	Improves performance (weight gain, etc.) 20 ‐ 30%! Improves pasture quality
How often do you rotate animals if on a rotational grazing system?	2 to 4 day intervals
When do you implement strategic supplementation of small ruminants?	• Milk and Creep Feeding; • Flushing (Pre‐Breeding Females); • Pre‐Breeding Males; • Late Pregnancy (last 6 wk); • Early lactation (first 8 wk); • Drought & Poor Pastures.
What is the definition of mixed species grazing?	the use of two or more species of herbivorous animals foraging a common field.
Mixed species grazing is also referred to as what?	Multi species grazing
Graze:	Either pure or mixed stands of native or planted forage crops such as fescue, alfalfa, clover, ryegrass, etc.
Forbs:	Weed‐like plants are often found in these same pastures.
Browse:	Consist of broadleaf plants, including those found on bushes and many deciduous trees
What kind of grazers are cattle?	Bulk and roughage grazers
What does it mean to be a bulk and roughage grazer?	To consume large amounts of forages grazing pastures in a non‐selective manner. With each bite, a cow on pasture consumes a mouthful of plant material, in a bulk and non‐ selective manner.
What kind of grazers are goats ?	Intermediate feeders (concentrate feeders)
What does it mean to be an intermediate feeder/ concentrate feeder?	Prefer browse and forbs over grazing; highly selective of the more succulent and nutritious parts of plants
Sheep are also considered intermediate feeders but what is the difference between them and goats?	They prefer grasses over forbs and browse; sheep are far more selective in the plant material they eat than cattle are but less selective than goats
T or F: Internal parasites are not a significant threat facing today’s small ruminant producer	False - They are a threat
What are the problems associated with parasites, particularly those of the gastrointestinal tract of sheep and goats?	Irreversible damage or even death to the animal, reduced performance and economic loss for the producer
Why is prevention and control of the parasites that infect sheep and goats becoming increasing difficult?	Overuse and improper use of the available anthelmintic dewormers, which results in increasing resistance by parasites to common anthelmintics
What is the most deadly internal parasite to small ruminants in the Midwestern United States?	The gastrointestinal roundworm, Haemonchus contortus, also known as the “barber pole worm"
What is Haemonchus contortus?	A blood sucking parasite that can cause severe anemia, protein loss and death in goats and sheep
T or F: Sheep and goats are affected for the most part by the same parasites.	True
T or F: Goats are more susceptible to roundworm infestation than sheep.	True
How long is the lifecycle of Haemonchus contortus?	Approximately 21 days to complete
What is the life cycle of the Barber Pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) ?	Larvae ingested while grazing/ develop into adults inside host > Adult worms feed/reproduce in abomasum > Eggs passed in feces > Eggs hatch and larvae develop into infective third stage > larvae leave fecal pellets and travel up grass > start over
What are the symptoms that correlate to parasite infection?	Diarrhea, weight loss or reduced weight gain, unthriftiness, loss of appetite, and reduced reproductive capacity and performance
What are the methods used to control internal parasites?	(1) use of anthelmintics (dewormers); (2) animal management; and (3) pasture management
What are anthelmintics?	Drugs that either kill egg laying adults, or kill larvae before they become adults and become capable of laying eggs
When can sheep first be bred?	7 - 9 months of age
T or F: Sheep are seasonal breeders or seasonally polyestrous	True
How long is the estrous cycle of ewes?	~ 17 days
How long does estrus last for a ewe?	24 - 36 hours
What is Flehmen Response?	The classic behavior response of the ram when he detects a ewe in heat is to lift his nose in the air and curl his upper lip
What is the ratio between a mature ram and ewes in terms of breeding?	one (1) mature ram breeding 35 to 50 ewes
How many ewes can a ram breed up to in one season?	100
When is sexual maturity reached in rams?	7 - 8 months old
T or F: It is okay to to mix young rams with mature rams.	False
How long does sperm production take?	Approx. 50 days
T or F: It is usually recommended that ewes be vaccinated during late pregnancy for the clostridial diseases that most commonly affect lambs	True
T or F: By vaccinating the pregnant ewe, the lambs acquire no temporary, passive immunity when they drink the colostrum, the first milk produced by the ewe after lambing	False
T or F: A ewe's natural‐acquired immunity to internal parasites (worms + coccidia) is weakened around the time of lambing. Thus, it is a common to deworm ewes during their last month of pregnancy	True
T or F: During her last month of pregnancy, a ewe needs extra nutrition because her lambs are growing rapidly inside of her and her mammary (udder) tissue is developing.	True
Approximately ___% of fetal growth occurs during the last month of pregnancy.	70%
T or F: Ewes carrying multiple fetuses are most prone to a metabolic disorder called pregnancy toxemia (or ketosis), caused by an inadequate intake of energy (calories) during late pregnancy.	True
What is the gestation length for an ewe?	142 - 152 days; 5 months
What is the STAR Lambing Season used for?	Gives ewes the opportunity to produce lambs five times within a three year period
What are the three stages to partiuration?	1)dilation of the cervix (3‐4 hr) 2) expulsion of the fetuses (within 1 hr or less from the rupture of the first water bag) 3) expulsion of the placenta (passed 2 to 3 hr after delivery is finished.
T or F: Twin births is most common in well‐managed flocks. First time moms, especially yearlings, are more likely to have single twin births as well.	False - First time moms are more likely to have single births
When do ewes produce their biggest litters?	When they are between the ages of 3 - 6 months.
T or F: Oftentimes, extra lambs (> 2 lambs) need to be cross -fostered onto other ewes or artificially reared.	True
When birth weights get too large what can be encountered?	Difficult births
T or F: Single born lambs weight the same as twin born lambs.	False - Single born lambs weigh more than twin born lambs
Lambs are usually able to stand within ___ minutes after birth	30 minutes
What is the name of the first milk the ewe produces?	Colostrum
What does colostrum contain and why is it important to newborn lambs?	It is very nutritious and contains antibodies that protect the lamb from infection during the early part of its life. It's important that a lamb consume adequate colostrum during its first 24 hours of life.
Weaning:	When lambs are no longer allowed to nurse their dams and consume a milk diet; separation from the dam
T or F: There is no 'best age/time' to wean although the average is about 4 months.	True
When does a ewe's milk production peak?	3 to 4 weeks after lambing
T or F: About 50% of all milk is produced in the first 8 weeks of lactation.	False - About 74% or all milk is produced in the first 8 weeks of lactation.
T or F: Orphan lambs should not be weaned unless they are consuming significant quantities of dry feed.	True
T or F: Weaning is more stressful for ewes than for lambs.	False - Weaning is more stressful for lambs than ewes
T or F: At weaning lambs are more susceptible to internal parasites because their immune system is not fully developed.	True
When weaning who should be removed from the other?	During weaning, ewes should be removed from the lambs; lambs stay in the same location to reduce stress
T or F: It is recommended that ewes and lambs be kept close enough together that they can hear each other. (weaning)	False - It is recommended that ewes and lambs be kept far enough apart that they cant hear each other.
What illness is most common in newly weaned lambs?	Coccidiosis (Black Leg Disease) and worm parasites
When do does reach puberty?	4 - 12 months of age
T or F: Does are seasonally polyestrous.	True
How long is a doe's estrous cycle?	18 - 24 days
How long is a doe's estrus period?	12-36 hours
How long is a doe's gestation length?	Between 145 - 152 days; 5 months
When does a buck reach puberty?	As early as four months
At one year of age bucks should service how many does max?	No more than 10 does at a time (in one month)
At 2 years of age bucks should be able to serve how many does max?	25 does at a time
At 3 years of age bucks should be able to serve how many does max?	Up to 40 does as long as his health and nutritional needs are met.
How many gallons of water will sheep and goats consume per day?	2 - 3 gallons of water per day
T or F: Water intake has no correlation to feed intake.	False - Water intake is positively correlated to feed intake
T or F: Water intake increases 30‐150% with lactation	True
When is colostrum intake most important?	Within the first 2 days
When should you start lambs/kids on creep feed with access to forage, TMS, and water?	3 weeks of age
When should you supplement feeds?	Depending on forage quality/quanitity
T or F: For a replacement female it is important not to underfeed but it does not matter if you overfeed.	False - Replacement females should not be underfed nor overfed either
What is flushing and when do you do this?	Feed breeding females lush pasture or concentrate feeds; 0.5 - 1 pound/day for 3 weeks prior to breeding to3 weeks after breeding
What is the result of not including NH4Cl (0.5‐2%) in feeds for the breeding male?	Urolithaisis (Kidney stones)
What phase is the most 'nutrient demanding' production phase in mammals?	During lactation
What should you feed the lactating female?	Quality pasture forage, dietary supplements, TMS, and water
T or F: Sheep are 10 times more susceptible than goats to copper toxicity	True
What is milk fever?	Hypocalcemia - calcium definiency
Small ruminant products:	- Meat - Fiber - Dairy - Ground/Field clearance - Other use
What is the sheep dressing percentage (carcass wght/ live wght) ?	About 40 -50 %
What is the sheep percent lean (muscle wght/live wght) ?	About 30 %
What is the goat dressing percentage (carcass wght/ live wght) ?	About 42 -50%
What is the goat percent lean (muscle wght/live wght) ?	About 22 - 25%
How much fat and protein does sheeps milk contain?	7% fat and 6% protein
Angora and cashmere goats are used primarily for what?	Fiber
Why would you use sheep as a pose to goats if wanting to clear land around solar panels?	Goats will jump on the panels as well as destroy them.
T or F: Farms & Industries Use Sheep as “Environmentally Friendly Weed‐Eaters”.	True
The incorporation and use of goats in the control of forest understory growth helps prevent what?	Forest fires
What is the relationship between an animals size and it's foraging behavior?	The larger the ruminant, the more likely it is that it will be classified as a bulk and roughage grazer, whereas the smaller the ruminant, the more likely it is that they fall within the intermediate feeder or concentrate feeder herbivore category.
T or F: Goats and deer may be more resistant to certain naturally‐occurring plant‐ protecting compounds than cattle, and even sheep.	True
What is the stocking rate for cattle?	1 cow-calf unit for every 1 - 3 acres of land
What are the benefits of mixed species grazing?	1. Can Assist in Weed Control and Pasture Reclamation. 2. Can Assist in the Management of Internal Parasites. 3. Can Provide Protection Against Predators.
What is a Bos taurus?	Common cow
What is a Bos indicus?	Cow with hump, a lot of loose skin, and floppy ears
Who is the progenitor of modern day cattle?	Aurochs (Bos primigenius)
All cattle are descended from how many animals that were domesticated from wild ox some 10,500 years ago?	As few as 80 animals
What are the five most popular U.S. beef cattle breeds according to the U.S cattlemen's Beef Board?	- Black Angus - Charolais - Hereford - Simmental - Red Angus
Why are Brahman (indicus) important in terms of environmental adaptability?	- Dark skin pigmentation - Ability to use/maximize lower -quality feed - Travel longer distances for feed and water - Resist insects and internal parasites - Environment doesn't limit ability to reproduce
What are Brahman (indicus) cattle often referred to in terms of breeding?	"crossbreeding's common denominator"
What makes Brahman heat tolarant?	Their short, thick, glossy hair coat reflects the sun’s rays; an abundance of loose skin increases body surface area exposed to cooling; their ability to sweat freely
T or F: American Brahman females are highly recognized for their superior maternal ability, longevity and fertility —consistently producing calves, year after year	True
How much water should you provide for cattle?	1.5 gallons per each 100 pounds of body weight
Grasses include:	orchardgrass, bromegrass, timothy and tall fescue
Legumes include:	alfalfa, red clover, white clover, ladino clover and birdsfoot trefoil
What CP% should a cattle ration be?	14 % CP
What is the average birth weight of a calf?	50 - 120 pounds depending on breed
What is the average weaning age for cattle?	5 - 8 months 400 - 800 lbs
What is the mature weight for cattle?	900 - 1,800 lbs for females 1,400 - 3,000 lbs for males both breed dependant
What is the slaughter weight for cattle?	Ranges between 1,000 - 1,500 lbs liveweight
What is a heifers 'breeding age' ?	14 - 19 months old
T or F: Heifers are bred to calve at 2 years of age.	True
How long is a cow's estrous cycle?	21 days
How long is a cow's estrus ?	13-17 hours
How long after calving will cows come back into heat?	About 45 days
What is the desirable calving interval?	About 12 months
T or F: Bulls don't have to be the about the same age as the heifers they are breeding.	False - Bulls should be about the same age as the heifers they are breeding
How many cows should one young bull 'cover'?	About 20 cows
How many cows should an over be able to breed?	About 30 cows
Define heritability.	The difference in individuals that is related to genetic make-up (i.e., DNA, genes); the portion of the difference in genetic traits passed on from generation to generation
What are the 3 stages of parturition?	1. Preparatory Stage (2 – 6 hours) 2. Delivery Stage (Calving or Fetal Expulsion; 1 hour or less) 3. Afterbirth Stage (Expulsion of Placental Tissues; 2 – 8 hours)
T or F: Newborn calves need protection against the weather and therefore windbreaks for calving cows when wind chill temps are below 20 degrees F should be provided.	True
How many hours will a cow spend on chewing cud daily? (average)	About 6 hours
Define passive immunity	Immunity that passes from the cow to her calf in colostrum
Define active immnity	Either naturally developed from exposure to a disease or as the result of an immunization program
T or F: A good herd health program should begin in the cow herd prior to the calves being born.	True
Why is it important to vaccinate before the birth of a calf?	By doing this it stimulates the immune system in the cow causing her to build the necessary antibodies to provide passive immunity to her calf in colostrum
When should cows be vaccinated?	45 -60 days pre calving 30 days prior to breeding
T or F: Withdrawal times are only suggestions and should not be followed/ practiced at all times	False - Withdrawal times must be practiced at all times
What is a face fly and what do they do?	About the size of a house fly, face flies are responsible for transmission of pinkeye
What is a horn fly and what do they do?	- Horn flies reproduce in fresh manure - Bite and suck blood and irritate anima - On backs of cattle
What are heal flies/warbles and what do they do?	- Flies lay eggs on heels of cattle in late winter and early spring - Eggs hatch and burrow into skin and travel through body, emerging in fall along the back
What are ways of managing ectoparasites?	- Spraying, dusting, dipping, ear tags & oral larvacides - Sanitation – remove breeding sites of flies - Ear tags impregnated with insecticides have been very effective - Change tag brands each year to avoid resistant strains. - Sticky tape
How many cows are in the beef cow industry?	About 30 million (2022)
What is the structure of the beef industry?	1. Seedstock Production 2. Cow‐Calf Production 3. Feedlot/Finishing Operation 4. Stocker (Yearling) Operation 5. Replacement Heifers
What is the role of seedstock production?	The primary goal of this industry segment is to produce breeding stock (purebred or controlled crossbred) that produce the parent generation of cattle for commercial calf producers.
What is a seedstock production's greatest demand ?	Bulls
What is the role of cow calf production?	Raising a cow that at two years of age has a calf that is raised about 6 months and then sold to another individual who puts more weight on the animal (Feedlot/Finishing or Stocker Operations
When is a calf weaned?	About 6 months of age
What are the methods of weaning?	Total Separation Fence line weaning Nose plates
What is the role of feedlot/finishing?	Taking weaned calves and stocker calves (600 – 850 pounds BW) and raising them to a harvesting weight (around 1200 pounds BW) or more based on body condition of the calf. Normally lasts 120 – 150 days
What is the role of stocker (yearling) calf operations?	to produce the heaviest calves possible with the least cost.

Created by: Victoria Guadiano

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