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If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: what is pharmaceutical ?Answer: the physical and/or chemical modification of a substance (drug or raw chemical) resulting in a drug/dosage form which is for administration to a patient Question: what is compounding?Answer: Compounding pursuant to 1) a specific patient, 2)for a specific prescription and 3) for one dispensing of the medication (does not apply to batching, manufacturing, or compounded at the same time) Question: What is batching? (in terms of compounding)Answer: compounding 'ahead of time' in anticipation of refills or unfilled oral prescriptions Question: What is manufacturing? (in of pharmaceutical compounding)Answer: compounding for long-term inventory and sale. (NOT pursuant to a particular patient, , or within the scope of pharmacy practice) Question: pharmaceutical dosage forms, discussed in class, are commonly prepared extemporaneously?Answer: lozenges, pills, tablets (uncommon), charts, powder capsules, capsules (uncommon) Question: What are the valid justifications for pharmaceutical ? (3)Answer: 1) drug or dosage form not commercially available
2)dose unavailable
3)patient and compliance (taste) Question: What are the to pharmaceutical compounding?Answer: cannot = making more than you need. You can only batch up to a 30 day supply of what you will anticipate needing Question: What is ?Answer: the extent to which a prescription preparation remains within specified limits in terms of: composition, physical composition, and microbiologic activity/contamination Question: What general considerations must be taken into account when formulating and assigning expiration dates to extemporaneously compounded preparations?Answer: Expiration is a function of stability and conditions. Base it on published formulation data and stability tests whenever possible Question: What is the most important consideration with to the storage of pharmaceutical preparations?Answer: keep out of reach of Question: What is an ingredient?Answer: substances present in the formulation exist for their direct effect on the patient Question: What is an inactive ?Answer: substances present in a which exist solely for their effect on the product Question: Can an ingredient have both and inactive properties? If so how should it be classified?Answer: Yes, if it exerts both effects on the patient and for the benefit to the product, it is said to be an active ingredient Question: What is ?Answer: particle size reduction. (has different ranges of particle sizes than ) Question: What is ?Answer: verb: and mixing of powders Question: What is a ?Answer: noun: mixed powder Question: What is combination?Answer: visually duplicating an mass and combining. Question: When is combination warranted?Answer: Indicated when mass of powders to be mixed differs by a GREATER THAN 3 (if =3 do not need to) Question: What is a ?Answer: a combination of 2 or more substances where the melting point is less than that of any part when alone Question: What factors must be optimized in order to a eutectic combination with the lowest possible melting point?Answer: optimum ratio of masses, room , substance melting points, fineness of particle size Question: What is the basic principle at play (and responsible for) formation?Answer: with crystalline structure Question: What is ?Answer: contains waters of hydration (stoichiometric). due to hydrogen bonding. The delicate crystal may be altered when exposed to stress, humidity, or temperature. ex: cocaine, terpin hydrate, quinine HCl Question: What is ?Answer: hygroscopic (subject to moisturization) but will and form a water based solution. Ex: lithium bromide Question: What is ?Answer: powders subject to moisturization from ambient humidity. (affinity for water, will water from air) Question: Be able to derive the Sensitivity of a balance from MWQ and vice for a given desired toleranceAnswer: /MWQ = %/100 Question: Ideal Body weigh (IBW)Answer: Male: 50 + (2.3* inches over 5')
Female: 45.5 + (2.3* over 5') Question: lb to kg Answer: 2.205 lb = 1 Question: inch to cm Answer: 1 in = 2.54 Question: Clearance equationAnswer: M: (140-age)*IBW / 72*SCr
F: M eq * 0.85 Question: Know the BSA equation and how to use a BSA Answer: sqrt((height in cm * in kg)/3600) Question: Which pharmaceutical forms are composed of powders?Answer: bulk powders, , charts, tablets(compressed powder) Question: pharmaceutical dosage forms represent unit dose powders?Answer: capsules, charts, tablets (compressed ) Question: characteristics of lozengesAnswer: -dissolve/disintegrate in mouth
-local (oral) drug usually
-pastilles (soft, high sugar)
-troches (relatively small)
-analgesics, anesthetics, antimicrobial Question: basic characteristics of Answer: -small, , spherical, hard
-cut up a long spherical dough, roll into balls, dry Question: basic characteristics of Answer: -compressed unit dose powder
-solidification mold (less common, extemporaneous)
-can prepare, but uncommon Question: basic characteristics of Answer: -contains specific dose of medication
-loose in a paper envelope Question: characteristics of powder capsulesAnswer: -solid and non-rigid
-shell molded gelatin Question: basic of liquid capsulesAnswer: -nonsolid and non-rigid
-can compound, but not common
-need to use liquid that will not dissolve capsule - some alcohols (not EtOH, fixed oil, volatile oil) Question: characteristics of gel capsulesAnswer: - cannot be extemporaneously -semisolid and non-rigid
-beads of gel inside Question: Rule of 7s (backward and )Answer: 7 - grains = capsule size, 1 g = 15.43 Question: Active ingredients in an oral, unit dose should have what units? Answer: mass/dose Question: ingredients in a topical powder should have what units? Answer: mass of drug/mass of (concentration, %w/w) Question: What physical forms may be found as ingredients in commercially available capsules?Answer: powders, , gels Question: what physical forms are commonly used as ingredients in available capsules?Answer: powders. liquids are Question: What general advantages do have over other solid oral dosage forms?Answer: custom dosing, multiple drugs in one capsule, easy to swallow, concealment, rapid drug release Question: What is an ?Answer: inactive ingredient with a purpose to the : fillers, binders, glidants, disintegrants, coloring agents, flavoring agents Question: What is strength?Answer: X g of drug in Y g or ml of product (X:Y)
1: Y = 1 g of drug for Y g or ml of product Question: % w/vAnswer: g/100 Question: % w/wAnswer: g/100g Question: % v/wAnswer: ml/100g Question: % v/vAnswer: ml/100ml Question: /frozen temperatureAnswer: -20 to - 10 C Question: Cold Answer: 8 degrees C or Question: Refrigerated** Answer: 2 - 4 C Question: Cool Answer: 8 = 15 degrees Question: Room **Answer: 20 - 25 C Question: warm Answer: 30 - 40 degrees Question: excessive Answer: above 40 degrees Question: all liquid formsAnswer: suspensions (lotions), solutions (syrups, elixirs, spirits, , lotions), emulsions (O/w, w/o) Question: the basic characteristics of a simple Answer: all ingredients are dispersed, does not need to be maintained by shaking. Question: of a soluteAnswer: substance which is dissolved in a Question: definition of Answer: base liquid, pure or of miscible liquids, contains no active ingredients Question: USP of solutionAnswer: liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents Question: functional definition of Answer: dispersion of a solute in solvent Question: Basic characteristics of a true syrupAnswer: concentrated aqueous preparation of sugar or sugar substitute, highly concentrated = viscous. sugar at near Question: advantage of over solid dosage forms (3)Answer: -dose determined by volume measurement
-precise dosing (custom dosing)
-nonstandard dosing easy (ex: pediatric)
-easy to Question: dosage for , which are solutionsAnswer: solutions = syrups, elixirs, tinctures, lotions, non-solutions = and emulsions Question: disadvantages of dosage forms compared to solid (5)Answer: -inconvenient dosing (need to teach pt.)
-prone to error
-unpleasant taste difficult to mask
-specific conditions
-drug is often less stable than dry form Question: of active ingredients in a liquid dosage form compared to dry dosage forms or suspensionsAnswer: maximum surface area of the drug in contact with solvent = less stable Question: examples of water soluble dissociable substancesAnswer: potassium , sodium chloride, potassium chloride Question: water soluble non dissociable Answer: glucose Question: of solubilityAnswer: the degree or extent to a solute will dissolve in a solvent Question: solubility notationsAnswer: soluble, sparingly soluble, very slightly soluble Question: exact solubility Answer: 1 g of X in ___ ml of Question: What is a Answer: a combination of 2 or more substances where the melting point is less than that of any part when alone Question: can a solution be part of a Answer: yes, a suspension can dissolved things Question: can a suspension be part of a Answer: no, a solution cannot contain undissolved things. not dispersed Question: can a be part of a suspension?Answer: yes, a suspension may have some components Question: can a suspension be part of a ?Answer: no, syrups are solutions, and they need to be molecularly Question: various routes of administration for Answer: IV, IM, Sq, , intrathecal, rectal, ophthalmic, otic, topical Question: various routes of administration by which liquid dosage in general can be administeredAnswer: Sq, IM, rectal, ophthalmic, otic, Question: routes of administration inappropriate or for some specific dosage formsAnswer: IV,intrathecal, = not safe for suspensions Question: In which particular case is the use of preservatives dangerous and ?Answer: intrathecal preparations, never use bacteriostatic water for injection. preservatives will motor neurons and permanently paralyze Question: of solutions over suspensionsAnswer: suspending agents not required, easily Question: of solutions in respect to suspensionsAnswer: less stable Question: what is the general effect of on a solution systemAnswer: increasing solubility with increasing Question: what is meant by in a solution systemAnswer: cannot dissolve : maximum concentration acheived Question: what is ?Answer: 2 soluble in each other in all proportions Question: Exact composition of USPAnswer: 94.9% w/v alcohol Question: FDA ruling 1995Answer: Maximum alcohol content in OTC products: Children <6 years old = 0.5%, 6-12 = 5%, >12 years 10% Question: mg %Answer: x mg/100 Question: shaking solutions and syrups?Answer: not needed for but RPh may need to shake to prepare Question: Shaking ?Answer: ! Question: 20% rule?Answer: smallest that can be measured is 20% of its full rated volume Question: difference between a volumetric measuring device and a holding Answer: measure precisely vs just use to hold the liquid. ex: cylinders vs beakers Question: be able to convert mg % and ratio strengthAnswer: mg% = x g/100 ml, ratio = 1 g//x ml Question: what is the form of ratio strengthAnswer: X:Y Question: what is parts ?Answer: X + Z parts = Ytotal Question: convert between ratio strength and strengthAnswer: X:Y, and X:Z where X + Z parts = Y total Question: know the concept of Answer: MW = g/mol, = Eq/Mol, EW=MW/valence = g/Eq Question: for molecular weightAnswer: g/mol Question: for equivalent weightAnswer: g/Eq Question: what is an ?Answer: a unit once Question: Answer: same Question: Answer: less Question: hypertonicAnswer: more Question: preservation for syrupsAnswer: contain a lot of sugar, but are actually a preservative. this is because there is not a lot of free Question: free Answer: water available that is not involved in solubilizing the Question: know the effect of on free waterAnswer: as temp increases, free increases Question: know the effect of solute concentrations on dissolution timeAnswer: increasing solute concentration increases time Question: effect of sugar content of a syrupAnswer: -sugar may precipitate
-drug may Question: effect of decreasing the content of a syrupAnswer: -increase in free -microbial growth Question: be able to predict free water values in a solution/syrup system: if 89.14 g of sucrose in 100 ml of water is saturation how much free water is in syrup usp (85%w/v)?Answer: 4.64 ml. 89.14g/100ml-85g/100ml = 4.14 g/100 ml. how much water is represented by 4.14 g : 4.14 g* water/89.14 g = 4.64 ml Question: USPAnswer: 85% w/v sucrose in Question: Cherry USPAnswer: 80% w/v sucrose, 47.5% v/v juice, 2% v/v EtOH Question: know the of specific gravityAnswer: mass of x / mass of for equiv volume Question: units of specific Answer: unitless Question: of densityAnswer: g/ml Question: convert between specific and dencityAnswer: add units g/ml to gravity Question: utility of as an ingredient in liquid pharmaceutical dosage formsAnswer: , emulsifier, sedative (usually undesired side effect), rarely included for pharmacological effect Question: cautions of EtOH in dosage formsAnswer: cant have too much in formulations Question: examples of vehiclesAnswer: syrup (50-1005 v/v), Cherry Syrup, Cologel, Sorbitol, glycerin (2-10% v/v) Question: USP for suspensionAnswer: liquid preparations that consist of solid particles throughout a liquid phase in which particles are not completely soluble Question: Purpose for suspensions as liquid dosage Answer: provide a liquid form of a drug that is otherwise insoluble in water. An alternative to alcohol Question: Example when would be a suspension instead of a solutionAnswer: when a capsule or tablet drug source Question: Suspending Answer: increases the 's viscosity thus decreasing the particle settling rate Question: examples of agentsAnswer: acacia, bentonite, methylcellulose, gum, tragacanth, carbomer Question: micron gauge (hedgeman )Answer: determines the smallest particle size you are able to achieve Question: sievesAnswer: separates of different diameters Question: that affect sedimentation rate/timeAnswer: particle size (increase rate), (increase rate), viscosity (decrease rate) Question: relationship between settling rate and timeAnswer: . as settling rate decreases settling time increases Question: stokes Answer: velocity proportional to g * radius * (difference in ) all over viscosity Question: deflocculationAnswer: long sedimentation time, but difficult to break up if a cake is Question: flocculatedAnswer: short sedimentation time, but easily Question: Know the USP definition for Answer: Not listed, liquid preparation intended for application Question: Know the pharmacopeia definition for lotionsAnswer: Liquid or semiliquid preparations contain one or more active ingredient in a suitable vehicle Question: In what set(s) of liquid dosages forms may potentially be foundAnswer: Question: Solutions Answer: liquid preparation containing 1+ chemical substances dissolved(molecularly dispersed) in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
Solute in a solvent
Question: Answer: liquid preparation that consists of solid particles dissolved throughout a liquid phase in which particles are not soluble
Pure solvent with solid particles
Question: Emulsions Answer: two phase system in which one liquid is throughout another in the form of small droplets
Oil and water
Question: What are areasAnswer: ? Where skin touches skin
Gluteal fold, abdominal fold, between . Antifungal agents or lubrication
Question: What is Answer: Applies to which are insoluble in the qs media
The wetting of an insoluble powder agent in a minimal amount of qs media or levigating agent forming a smooth homogenous paste
Question: What is quantitative Answer: Facilitated transfer of a substance from one vessel to another through a of repeated washings with the qs media.
Always done prior to qsing
Applies to agents both soluble and insoluble in the qs media
Question: What is ?Answer: Migration of – surfacing or settling Question: What is ?Answer: Merging of , separation of phases
Usually irreversible
Question: Be familiar with some common ingredients that be found in a lotion Answer: Question: What does the phase” of an emulsion mean?Answer: The droplets, or Question: What does the phase” of an emulsion mean?Answer: The suspension that the droplets float around in Question: What is an oil in emulsionAnswer: Oil in a water phase
Passes conductivity test
When oil added to it, it is not additive
When water added to it, it is additive
Question: What is an in oil emulsionAnswer: Water in an oil phase
Fails conductivity test
When oil is added to it, it is additive
When water is added to it, it is not additive
Question: what is an ?Answer: Promotes the formation of and their charge based separation Question: how do work?Answer: They have polar and sides that line up at the water and oil interfaces Question: Know the definition for Answer: Added energy through trituration or homogenization small droplets of one liquid phase in another and static charge around those droplets Question: Know the for homogenizationAnswer: Forcing two immiscible liquids through an orifice under high pressure for the of mixing Question: Know some of commercially available pharmaceutical emulsionsAnswer: , gels, TPN lipid formula, amphotericin-B, propofol Question: Know the composition of and the order of for 4:2:1 emulsions Answer: 4 parts mineral oil
2 parts water
1 part acacia
Refine acacia in mortar, add oil to (2secs) and mix, add water, mix rapidly until viscous
Question: Know how to use the electrical conductivity test in the of emulsionsAnswer: Oil in water passes
Water and oil fails
Only a water continuous will conduct
Question: Know how to use the drop test in the analysis of emulsionsAnswer: Water will be additive to the oil in water, but not the water in oil
Oil will be to the water in oil but not that oil in water
Question: What factors contribute to the of an emulsion?Answer: Micelle diameter
Weak bonding between micelles
Question: numberAnswer: 6.022 * 10^23 Question: When should a substance be incorporated into the phase of an emulsion in general?Answer: PO: ingredients usually in internal phase (mask taste)
Internal use = oil in water (because body is made of water)
Question: When should a substance be incorporated into the phase of an emulsion in general?Answer: External: active ingredients usually in external phase (touch skin)
External use = water in oil (want emollient )
Question: Know the of lime waterAnswer: hydroxide solution 3g/1000ml Question: What does HLB for?Answer: Hydrophile-lipophile Question: Answer: oleate Question: Answer: Acacia
Tragacanth
Xanthan Question: SurfactantsAnswer: Tween 80, span Question: What range of HLB values tend to form in oil emulsionsAnswer: 1 – 9 LOW END = in oil Question: What range of HLB tend to form oil in water emulsionsAnswer: 9 – 20 HIGH END = oil in Question: 1 pt = x Answer: 1 pt = 16 Question: 1 qt = x pts = x Answer: 1 qt = 2 pts = 32 Question: 1 gallon = x qts = x pts = x Answer: 1 gallon = 4 qts = 8 pts = 128 Question: 1 apoth oz = x Answer: 1 apoth oz = 31.10 Question: 1 avoir oz = x Answer: 1 avoir oz = 28.35 Question: 1 oz = x Answer: 1 oz = 29.57ml Question: x gr/gAnswer: 15.43 gr/g Question: of potassium citrateAnswer: 3 Question: valence of chlorideAnswer: 2 Question: valence of Answer: |
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