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Question: What is the difference adjacent densities within the radiographic image?Answer: radiographic Question: What is the primary controlling factor for ?Answer: Question: What are the two of contrast seen in medical radiography?Answer: Long scale (low ), Short scale (high contrast) Question: Which scale of contrast has many of gray?Answer: Long scale (low ) Question: scale of contrast has few shades of gray with many black and white images?Answer: Short scale (high ) Question: Which of the two types of contrast exhibit wide exposure ?Answer: Long contrast Question: of the two types of contrast is a product of low KVP?Answer: scale contrast Question: What factors radiographic contrast?Answer: Image receptor (film) and subject contrast Question: What image receptor (film) contrast?Answer: of the film and processing Question: What determines subject ?Answer: size, shape, and characteristics of the material being irradiated Question: Which of the 2 contrast factors be standardized?Answer: Image (film) contrast Question: What do grids have on contrast?Answer: improves contrast by removing scatter before it the film which results in a shorter scale of contrast Question: how does increasing filtration affect ?Answer: Contrast is decreased slightly filtration increases the average photon energy of the beam Question: How does tighter collimation contrast?Answer: tighter collimation reduces the number of photons available, thus reducing the amount of scatter and increasing (shortens the scale of contrast) Question: How does mas contrast?Answer: Mas density of image and therefore affects contrast Question: What is different degrees of absorption in adjacent that result in image contrast?Answer: differential Question: How does KVP to differential absorption?Answer: Differential absorption increases as the KVP is ; conversely, as KVP increases, more photons pass through and differential absorption decreases Question: What change in KVP is to make a visible change in contrast?Answer: 4-12% Question: When making contrast changes on a radiograph, what in KVP should be made?Answer: should be made in increments of 8 or 15% Question: What is the blackening of the film from the black metallic silver deposited in the emulsion?Answer: radiographic (optical density) Question: What is the ratio of light incident on the film to of light transmitted through the film?Answer: radiographic (optical density) Question: What is the factor of density?Answer: Question: What factors influence density?Answer: KVP, distance, beam restriction, anatomic part, grid, film/screen combination, processing, heel affect Question: How does KVP density?Answer: Directly, as KVP increases density increases because penetrability increases so more are reaching the IR Question: Why KVP not be used to control density?Answer: changing KVP also contrast Question: How do screens affect density?Answer: As the speed of the intensifying increases, density increases Question: How does increasing grid affect density?Answer: as grid ratio increases, density decreases because absorb scatter that would otherwise reach the image receptor Question: What does SID have on density?Answer: As SID increases, density decreases and vice versa (according to the square law) Question: What effect does the SID have on density?Answer: is reduced to 1/4 Question: What effect does halving the SID have on ?Answer: Density is 4 times Question: Do filters have an effect on ?Answer: Because filtration alters beam intensity, decreases slightly with increases in filtration Question: What percent change in MAS a visible difference in density.Answer: 30% Question: How does beam affect density?Answer: It reduces the amount of radiation and therefore, reduces the overall density of the image. Question: How does thickness affect density?Answer: There is an inverse relationship; as thickness, average atomic number, and/or tissue density increases, radiographic density decreases Question: of the anode hill effect, density is less at which end of the x-ray beam?Answer: Anode (because of absorption of x-rays by the of the anode") Question: Which formula should be used to maintain density when making distance ?Answer: maintenance formula: MAS1/MAS2=D1(D1)/D2(D2) Question: How does film processing density?Answer: Density increases as developer temperature, immersion time, or replenishment increase: contaminated developer will decrease density Question: What is considered the useful range of densities?Answer: 0.25 to 2.5 Question: What is the sharpness of the structural lines as recorded in the radiographic ?Answer: recorded Question: What is the ability to image an object with ?Answer: resolution also called detail Question: What are some terms for resolution?Answer: detail, sharpness, definition and power Question: What term means the misrepresentation of the size or shape of a structure in the radiographic image?Answer: Question: What are the two of distortion?Answer: size and Question: What is the enlargement of the recorded image as to the actual size of the structure?Answer: size Question: What are the two that control size distortion (magnification)?Answer: SID and Question: How does SID size distortion?Answer: As SID increases, size decreases Question: How does OID size distortion?Answer: As OID , size distortion increases Question: What is the misrepresentation (elongated or foreshortened) of the shape of the structure recorded as compared to the shape of the structure?Answer: shape Question: What is the enlargement of the recorded image as compared to the actual size of the ?Answer: Question: What is used to calculate size distortion?Answer: MF = SID/SOD (MF=magnification ) Question: What is foreshortening of an ?Answer: foreshortening projects the object so it looks shorter than it is Question: What factor causes foreshortening of the radiographic ?Answer: misalignment of the Question: What is elongation of an ?Answer: elongation projects the object so it appears to be longer than it really Question: What cause elongation of an object?Answer: misalignment of the tube or Question: How can be reduced?Answer: By proper alignment of the tube, part and film (centering, object parallel with fim and as close as possible Question: How is resolution ?Answer: By using a resolution grid, resolution is in lines per millimeter (lp/mm) Question: How does OID affect detail?Answer: OID is inversely related to detail. Recorded detail improves as OID decreases Question: How does SID recorded detail?Answer: SID is directly proportional to recorded detail. As SID increases, recorded detail increases and vice versa. This is shorter SID's causes an increase in magnification, thus causing a decrease in recorded detail Question: What is the that is an inherent part of every radiographic image due to the position and shape of anatomic structures within the body?Answer: object unsharpness Question: What is the region of the anode target electrons interact to produce x-rays?Answer: focal Question: How does the spot size affect recorded detail?Answer: There is an increase in recorded detail as spot size decreases Question: What is the rate at which x-ray energy is transformed into light in an screen?Answer: conversion Question: What refers to the random nature in which x-rays interact with image receptor and occurs with the use of high speed screens with very low mas and high KVP and a grainy appearance of the image?Answer: quantum Question: What is the loss of radiographic quality caused by movement of the patient or x-ray tube during ?Answer: blur Question: How can a reduce motion blur?Answer: Use the shortest possible time; give proper breathing instructions; use restraining devices; use a large SID; use a small OID Question: What is most often the of motion blur?Answer: patient motion; of the x-ray tube is not a problem Question: What is the of x-rays in the heel of the anode which results in decreased x-ray intensity of the anode side of the central ray?Answer: heel Question: What is the imperfect unsharp shadow caused by size of the spot (replaces the terms penumbra and geometric unsharpness)?Answer: focal spot Question: peak KVP by what percentage will have the same effect on density as doubling the MAS or halving the MAS?Answer: 15% Question: Increasing or decreasing the contrast does what to ?Answer: density the same Question: The 15% rule can be used to do what?Answer: increase/decrease density and maintain density while increasing or decreasing Question: What states that the on the film remains constant as long as MAS remains the same and usage of mA and time combinations?Answer: Law Question: What is the to the Reciprocity Law?Answer: Extreme exposure times (more than 10s or less than 10ms with use of screen |
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