In each blank, try to type in the
word that is missing. If you've
typed in the correct word, the
blank will turn green.
If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: bone stores minerals?Answer: calcium and Question: marrow functions as what?Answer: storage Question: red functions as what?Answer: haemopoetic Question: what are the four of bones based on their gross morphological appearance?Answer: long bones, bones, flat bones, and irregular bones Question: what are the types of bone based on their internal structure?Answer: 1.cortical (compact) bone
2.cancellous (spongy/trabecular) .subchondral bone Question: cancellous bone consists of a meshwork of struts or ____Answer: Question: where is subchondral bone ?Answer: at underlying hyaline cartilage Question: how does bone form?Answer: as a coarse mesh called woven bone. this type is found in the fetus and post-injury Question: bone is a ____ tissue and consisting of cells embedded in a _____Answer: connective, Question: what is bone's primary inorganic ?Answer: calcium Question: what are the organic components of bone?Answer: collagen (mainly type 1)
proteoglycans
glycoproteins (osteocalcin, , bone sialoprotein, & osteonectin) Question: what are osteoblasts derived from and what is responsibility?Answer: they are from osteoprogenitor cells and are responsible for depositing bone Question: what do secrete?Answer: small vesicles with organic bone matrix onto the appositional surface. Question: what do osteoblasts communicate with osteoclasts via?Answer: gap Question: how are formed and what are they responsible for?Answer: they form when become surrounded with matrix. they are responsible for the resorbtion of bone Question: how to communicate with neighboring osteocytes?Answer: via long Question: what are cells and what can they differentiate into?Answer: they are undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. they can differentiate into either or under low oxygen tension chondroblasts Question: where are cells found?Answer: they are found on the surface as well as lining haversian canals Question: what does the border of osteoclasts secrete?Answer: H+ ions
lysosomal Question: unlike osteoblasts, osteoclasts from what?Answer: monocyte precursors (granulocyte-macrophage cell) Question: what are 's lacunae?Answer: small cavities that form when resorb bone Question: what are the two ways bone can form?Answer: 1. ossification (like bones of the cranial vault, face and clavicles)
2. endochondral ossification (all other bones) Question: describe intramembranous .Answer: it occurs when mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts. the osteoblasts then start laying down spciules of Question: endochondral ossification.Answer: occurs when a hyaline cartilaginous model continues to grow and forms as a scaffold for the bone Question: in the , what do chondrogenic cells differentiate into?Answer: osteoblasts Question: during bone formation, what does the perichondrium the diaphysis become?Answer: Question: at what do long bones grow in length?Answer: at the plate Question: how does the plate elongate?Answer: by proliferation of Question: what are the primary centers?Answer: where endochondral ossification , responsible for the formation of the diaphysis of long bones Question: what are ?Answer: highly organized and arranged sheet of mature compact Question: what are the two of lamellae?Answer: 1. outer circumferential lamellae found on the periosteal surface
2. inner circumferential lamellae on the endosteal surface Question: where are the haversian canals ?Answer: they are located in the Question: what ties the periosteal to the bone surface?Answer: sharpey's Question: what are ?Answer: small canals that connect the lacunae and the osteocytes to communicate via long processes with gap junctions Question: what are canals?Answer: canals containing a bundle that supplies the surrounding bone. Question: what are volkman's ?Answer: canals that allow central canals of adjacent communicate Question: what are the three distinct involved in the microstructure of bone?Answer: 1. growth
2. modeling - primary bone
3. remodeling - secondary Question: what is appositional ?Answer: growth that increases diameter by adding new bone the periosteum Question: what is growth?Answer: growth that bone length by adding new bone at the growth plates Question: modeling (aka surface remodeling)Answer: the process by which bones modify their gross morphology and internal architecture - in mature bones. it is also the primary process by which bones adapt to their mechanical environment Question: remodelingAnswer: the process by which bone matrix is turned over, by BMU - basic multicellular unit Question: what do BMUs (basic units) do?Answer: turn over cylindrical packets of bone by:
1. localized destruction - resorption space
2. formation of new lamellae - haversian system Question: what four drive remodeling?Answer: 1. mobilization of calcium
2. removal of microdamage
3. vascularization
4. stress Question: the compressed side of bone is electro____ and the tension side is electro____Answer: , positive Question: are stimulated by what to deposit bone?Answer: negative charges Question: osteoblasts are stimulated by what to bone?Answer: positive piezoelectric Question: what is the mechanostat ?Answer: that magnitude within the bone regulates modeling and remodeling Question: according to the mechanostat hypothesis, an acceptable strain level results in what two things?Answer: modeling stimulated and suppressed Question: the production of parathyroid hormone in what?Answer: have receptors that recognize this hormone and they stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone to liberate calcium Question: what hormone is secreted when the calcium level rises?Answer: Question: what gland calcitonin?Answer: thyroid Question: inhibits what?Answer: osteoclast activity and thus bone Question: the of the skull are what types of joints?Answer: fibrous Question: cartilaginous occur when bones are joined by what or whatAnswer: hyaline cartilage or |
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