In each blank, try to type in the
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If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: Based on annual precipitation, Alabama is in the crop region best asAnswer: Question: The water-use efficiency ratio for crop plants can best be described as the between amount of water used andAnswer: dry matter yield Question: Insect, and weed pests are best managed using a system of biological, cultural, chemical, and other tools otherwise known asAnswer: Integrated Pest Question: The primary function of sulfur in metabolism isAnswer: component of Question: the three major tools of the plant breeder Answer: , selection, and hybridization Question: of the following fertilizer materials, the only one that is NOT a commercial source of phosphate isAnswer: dinitogen Question: Ammonium nitrate (33-0-0) for $12.80 for a 50 pound bag at the local co-op. The cost per pound of N would be approximatelyAnswer: $0.78
Question: An example of the disease management principle of therapy Answer: of diseased plant parts by surgery Question: In the backcross method of crop improvement the objective isAnswer: improvement of one specific for an otherwise acceptable cultivar Question: In integrated pest management (IPM), the first step is Answer: determine the species and numbers of any pests present as well as the and type of beneficial insects Question: The tillage implement that leave the least crop debris on the soil surface is Answer: Cultivator Question: One of the main reasons why weed control in is so difficult is becauseAnswer: weeds have very efficient mechanisms for reproduction and Question: The non-selective herbicide most often used in conjunction with GMO crops Answer: Question: an example of a preventative method of weed management Answer: planting weed free Question: The two most critical factors in determining the effectiveness of a herbicide areAnswer: application rate and of weed and crop growth Question: Two major issues regarding water availability in areAnswer: Distribution of and poor water-holding capacity of coils Question: 1900, crop yields for cotton, corn, and soybean in the US have increasedAnswer: slowly or not at all in the beginning, then at an increasing rate Question: Two nutrient elements that are both an important part of nucleic acids (DNA, the genetic material) Answer: Nitrogen and Question: A herbicideAnswer: is capable of killing almost any green plant Question: Weeds are classified according to life cycle (annual vs. perennial) Answer: broadleaf vs. Question: Plant breeding is primarily concerned with two major of work: germplasm development andAnswer: development of new Question: The oldest and most form of weed control isAnswer: (the hoe) Question: Nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for specific crops are onAnswer: type of crop to be Question: The "GMO" in GMO crops is an forAnswer: Genetically Modified Question: Example of conservation tillage programs Answer: till, strip-till, and no-tillage Question: Give two ways that planting in a timely (early planting dates) can improve water-use efficiencyAnswer: 1. the crops will get any rainfall that is to come
2. they can begin to use what is already in the soil before the receive any rainfall
3. less competition Question: Describe the single most important way that conservation tillage systems differ from conventional tillage Answer: no burial Question: What of weed management is most relied upon in conservation tillage systemsAnswer: herbicieds Question: Briefly explain the difference between a systemic and contact , and give one example of each.Answer: systemic: takes time to kill the weed, better. example: Roundup
contact: weeds very quickly, almost instantly, not as good Question: How to weeds compete with man for food? Give 3 ways can be detrimental in a crop production systemAnswer: 1. Host and diseases
2. nutrient absorption
3. poorer quality
weeds can survive better than crops and take away energy, water, and nutrients that the plants need Question: explain how conservation tillage improves soil water capacityAnswer: less disruption of soil, more organic matter so it holds water Question: how does conservation improve water qualityAnswer: less rainfall run-off, not as much toxic water runoff is able to Question: Give two reasons why genetic resistance is one of the best strategies for the of disease or insect pestsAnswer: more economical, better for environment and the crop, to manage Question: How can the over-use or extensive use of a non-selective , such as Roundup, eventually lead to a loss of its effectiveness against certain weed species?Answer: weeds just like any species can develop an immunity to these herbicides Question: of the following, the only fertilizer material that is a commercial of both N and P isAnswer: monoammonium Question: in spite of receiving a fairly high amount of annual precipitation, is often a limiting factor in crop production in Alabama and the Southeast because ofAnswer: poor water-holding capacity of soils, high evapotranspiration rates, and uneven rainfall distribution Question: A cropping system is one in whichAnswer: a crop is grown only every two or three years to soil moisture Question: One disadvantage of -tillage systems isAnswer: all crops must be on the same row-spacing Question: The major function of the or chisel plow is toAnswer: break up deep hardpans or layers Question: An example of the disease management principle of isAnswer: seed treatment with a to protect against seedling diseases Question: The botanical type of corn that is the most widely-grown and is the principle feed-grain type in the US Answer: flour Question: Cultivated corn has its inAnswer: America Question: In order to qualify as conservation , a field must haveAnswer: at least 30% of the field area by debris from the previous crop Question: A very popular method of crop improvement, used most often to improve an established for a single, specific, simply-inherited trait isAnswer: backcross Question: The type of organism responsible for the majority of diseases are Answer: fungi Question: Among others, one of the major difference between plants (crops) and undomesticated plants (weeds and wild plant species) isAnswer: weeds have very methods of seed dispersal; crops do not Question: the two most critical factors in determining effectiveness of a herbicide areAnswer: the rate at which it is applied and the of crop of weed growth Question: The major fertilizer material used to supply potassium in commercial fertilizers Answer: Muritate of potash, Potassium (KCl) Question: The first basic strategy of any integrated pest (IPM) program isAnswer: identification of pest and any beneficial that may be present Question: One major disadvantage of over-use of insecticides for management isAnswer: selection pressure creates insecticide resistant insect genotypes, beneficial insects as well as pest insects are killed, and it is harmful to the environment (birds, rabbits, ) Question: Many crop plants now have weed and insect management strategies "built in" in the form Answer: genetically-engineered tolerance to and production of insecticides Question: One of the unique things about corn in the US isAnswer: all types are marked F1 hybrids Question: of reduced tillage programs includeAnswer: moisture retention by the soil Question: Herbicides can be largely as either systemic or Answer: Contact Question: One of the major problems faced in plant breeding (genetic improvement of ) isAnswer: lack of trained plant Question: A 100lb bag of of grade 5-10-15 actually containsAnswer: the equivalent of 5lbs N, P20, and 15lbs K20 Question: Two possible consequences of excessive cultivation in areAnswer: loss of soil and root pruning Question: Give 2 why we till the soilAnswer: 1. prepare for seedbeds
2. bury crop Question: Give an example of a primary implementAnswer: moldboard Question: Give and of a secondary tillage implementAnswer: disk Question: Give and of a mechanical method of weed managementAnswer: mowing Question: Give and example of a selective Answer: 2-4-D Question: Give and example of a commercial source of Answer: Nitrate Question: the difference between preplant and post emerge herbicideAnswer: preplant: you spray before the plant is at 2 inches deep
post emerge: you spray after the plant has been emerged from the soil Question: how does tillage reduce soil compactionAnswer: low Question: how does conservation tillage fuel requirementsAnswer: less tillage so it fuel requirements Question: how does conservation tillage soul water-holding capacityAnswer: increase organic matter so that soil will hold more Question: how does conservation tillage reduce and water runoff, and improve water qualityAnswer: leaving organic matter, using less Question: how does tillage help remove CO2 from the atmosphereAnswer: more carbon left in the soil, less in the Question: SachsAnswer: discovered in the 1860s he could grow plants successfully in a mixture of 3 salts: Calcium Nitrate, Potassium Phosphate, and Magnesium Question: Functions of C, H, and Answer: (respiration and photosynthesis) Question: Function of Answer: constituent of chlorphyll, in all acids and also in DNA Question: Function of Answer: involved in transfer (ATP) and a component of DNA Question: of K+Answer: exists in the plant primarily in form, functions in electrolyte balance, manages the opening and closing of stomates Question: Function of Answer: constituent of cell , structural element Question: Function of Answer: part of Question: of SAnswer: component of some amino acids and also in Question: AmmoniaAnswer: source of nitrogen. Gas. 82% N you can inject this into the soil. relatively cheap and easy to , generally only for crop fields, mainly for corn Question: Answer: soild source of nitrogen, 46% N, injected into the Question: NitrateAnswer: solid of nitrogen, is 33 to 34% nitrogen Question: Sources of Answer: Super Phosphate, Triple Super Phosphate, Diammonium Phosphate, Phosphate, Ammonium phosphate sulfate Question: Fertilizer Answer: % N, % P2O5, %K2O Question: of PotassiumAnswer: muriate of potash, potassium sulfate (used for sensitive to chlorine) Question: Why do we till the Answer: to prepare the seedbed, manage weeds, diseases and pests, incorporate residues, and level land Question: PlowAnswer: essentially a triple wedge, forced through the soil to invert the upper 6-8 inches completely, burying all plant debris. Soil conditions must be right, too moist or too dry does not get efficiently. usually results in 100% residue burial Question: Disk Answer: same as moldboard plow but have a disc instead of a triple Question: PlowAnswer: deep tillage, but does so in a way to disturb the soil surface in the possible way. had a large energy requirement Question: Disking Answer: general purpose tillage instrument that can smooth soil . used to incorporate Question: and CultivatorsAnswer: used to kill weeds. over cultivation can lead to loss of soil moisture, root pruning, and soil . is being replaced by non-selective herbicides and GMO's Question: Soil Answer: caused by large equipment and too many over the soil. causes poor root penetration, poor water infiltration, excess water runoff, water logged top soil, and lower yields Question: Correcting soil Answer: deep tillage, particularly deeper than normal, using a subsoiler or chisel Question: tillage programsAnswer: leaving crop debris on the surface, instead of incorporating as in a tillage program Question: No tillAnswer: lack of tillage. planting a crop directly into existing plant debris Question: tillAnswer: growing crops in a narrow, residue-free strip no more than 1/3 the row Question: tillAnswer: growing crops in pre-formed ridges with debris Question: Benefits of tillageAnswer: reduces labor and saves time. Saves fuel, reduces machinery wear, improves soil tilth, traps soil moisture, reduces soil erosion, provides cover for wildlife, improves air Question: Estimating residue coverAnswer: stretch 100ft measuring tape diagonally across field and count the number of times the foot markers are touching residue. add that up and the sum the percent residue Question: Disadvantages of tillageAnswer: pest may be more difficult at first, may require a higher level of management skills Question: Answer: planting crops in rows reduces weeds. weeds are very efficient at reproduction and growth compared to crops. the cost of weed management is Question: How cause lossesAnswer: 1. Competition for water, sunlight, and . Lower crop quality
3. Serve as hosts for diseases and insects
4. Decrease land values
5. Can cause livestock injury Question: Weed Answer: 1. Perennial vs. Annuals
2. Broadleaf vs. Question: Weed ManagementAnswer: don't let your field get infested in the first place. Use clean seed, sanitize , maintain areas around field (mow around field) Question: Crop Weed ManagementAnswer: plant population, row spacing close for early canopy, early Question: Biological Control Weed Answer: pest of the weed into the field. diseases, insect pests, etc. Question: Control of WeedsAnswer: oldest and most familiar method. hand weeding, using a hoe. mechanical Question: Control of WeedsAnswer: a lot of labor. classified by selectivity Question: Selective ControlAnswer: only certain plants. Examples: 2, 4D, Simazine, and Treflan Question: Non-selective ControlAnswer: designed to kill any plant. examples: Roundup and Gramoxone Question: Chemical ControlAnswer: by getting on leaf tissue and being translocated throughout the plant. Good for perennials. Example: Roundup Question: Contact ControlAnswer: like walking around with a flame thrower, the plant dies within a couple of minutes. Good for annuals. : Gramoxone Question: ExclusionAnswer: keeping diseases out. Agricultural at state and country borders. Quarantines for plants and animals Question: EradicationAnswer: practice sanitization around crop area. Eliminate hosts. Question: Answer: plant is already , how to save plant. Chemicals, surgery (cutting off diseased part), heat. Question: (genetic)Answer: plant is selectively bred to have resistance to pathogens. Economical, easy to use, and environmentally safe. Method of choice for crops Question: ProtectionAnswer: doing something to specifically a plant from a known disease in a localized area. example: seed treatment Question: Answer: if you have a disease in a certain field, don't plant crops that are to that disease. Also pay attention to planting date to avoid the plant being infected Question: Answer: reduce yield, may kill , reduce quality and can transmit disease. Question: Control of InsectsAnswer: using 1 insect to or control another. Ladybugs can be used to control aphids Question: thuriengensisAnswer: infect lepidoptera and worms, you can genetically this into the plant and kill the lepidoptera and worm that tries to eat it Question: BT technologyAnswer: common in corn and cotton. Tobacco was the first genetically engineered this way Question: ResistanceAnswer: antibiosis: feeding on the causes physical harm to the insect. example, Hessian fly resistance in wheat Question: Answer: chief way of insect infestations in some crops Question: Answer: caused serious ecological problems because insects and animals share certain physiological Question: Pest Management (IPM)Answer: integrating many different strategies to manage a pest. focuses on long term management/prevention of pests.
1. Identify the pest, and beneficial insects/organisms that may be present
2. Determination of economic Question: Contributions of Plant Answer: higher crop yields, improve crop quality, better pest resistance, agronomic traits, and new crops for new areas of production Question: Three tools of the BreederAnswer: Introduction, Selection, Question: Answer: basically, exhausted as a tool except in unusual for most crops, less so for forages, cover crops and turf Question: SelectionAnswer: the selection of plant types from larger populations, usually used in conjunction with hybridization Question: Answer: the sexual crossing of plants to generate new combinations Question: SelectionAnswer: idea is to cross two adapted parents, hoping to superior progeny in the following segregating generations Question: Backcross Answer: used to improve a single trait for an established widely used cultivar. Involves repeated backcrosses to the cultivar Question: 2 Major Objectives of Plant ProgramsAnswer: 1. Development
2. Germplasm Enhancement Question: DevelopmentAnswer: new varieties of crop and ornamental plants suited for , industry, and the consumer Question: Answer: |
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