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Unit 3A Terms
Neuro Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biological Psychology | A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuropsychologists, behavior genetics, physiologists, or biopsychologists). |
| Neuron | A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. |
| Sensory Neuron | Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. |
| Motor Neurons | Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. |
| Interneurons | Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
| Dendrite | The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive the messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. |
| Axon | The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. |
| Myelin Sheath | A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one mode to the next. |
| Action Potential | A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. |
| Threshold | The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. |
| Synapse | The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft. |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. |
| Reuptake | A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron. |
| Endorphins | "Morphine within"-natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. |
| Glial Cells | Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. |
| Nervous System | The body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. |
| Central Nervous System | The brain and spinal cord. |
| Peripheral Nervous System | The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. |
| Nerves | Bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. |
| Somatic Nervous System | The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the Skeletal Nervous System. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. |
| Reflex | A simple, automatic response to s sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. |
| Sensory Neurons | Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. |
| Interneurons | Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
| Motor Neurons | Neurons carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. |
| Endocrine System | The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. |
| Adrenal Glands | A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secret hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body times of stress. |
| Pituitary Gland | The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
| Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter that allows movement and regulates learning and memory. |
| Dopamine | A neurotransmitter that has an important role in controlling motor behavior and is implicated in numerous mental conditions. |
| Serotonin | A common neurotransmitter, primarily regulating mood, in the brain and other parts of the central nervous system. |
| Norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter and hormone produced mainly by the brainstem nuclei. It plays a role in arousal and memory as well as mood. |
| GABA | A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Plays a role in seizure, migraine, or tremor prevention. |
| Glutamate | The predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; it helps to prevent migraines and seizures. |
| Soma | The cell body. |
| Selective Permeability | The property of a membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others. |
| Depolarization | A reduction in the membrane potential of a cell, especially a neuron. |
| Absolute Refractory Period | In the subsequent relative refractory period, it responds only to a stronger than normal stimulus. |
| Relative Refractory Period | Minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin |
| Pituitary Gland | The "Master Gland"; it controls all other glands as well as regulates your height. |
| Thyroid Gland | Regulates one's metabolism and growth through the production of thyroid hormones. |
| Adrenal Glands | Responsible for producing adrenaline hormones involved in protecting the body during times of injury/stress |
| Gonads | Found in males and females; produces sex cells specifically in the testes or the ovaries. |
| Neural Networks | A computer system modeled on the human brain and nervous system to preform tasks in the body. |
| Agonist | A molecule that combines with a receptor on a cell to trigger physiological reaction. |
| Antagonist | A biological structure or chemical agent that interferes with the physiological action of another. |
| Excitatory v. Inhibitory Signals | Excitatory effects: that is, they increase the probability that the target cell will fire an action potential Inhibitory signals are sent when you know something is bad or illogical and can have negative or false results. |
| Depolarization | The electrical activity within the neuron as a nerve impulse is transmitted. |
| Pineal Gland | A gland which helps to regulate one's wake/sleep patterns and seasonal behaviors; it is located near the Thalamus |
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APPsychology
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