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PSYC Chapter 2
Psychology Chapter 2 (CSUSM)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Procedures follow orderly steps that are carefully planned. | Systematic |
| What is it when Psychologists study the what, when, and why of behavior and mental process? | Scientific Inquiry |
| What is the general approach used by researchers in various fields to be confident in the conclusions drawn from their observations? | Scientific Method |
| A model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed and predictions about future events. | Theory |
| A specific, testable prediction about the outcome that would best support the theory. | Hypothesis |
| A scientific process that involves the systematic and careful collection of data. | Research |
| Objective observations or measurements. | Data |
| Something in the world that can vary that a researcher can measure. | Variable |
| A research method that involves observing and noting the behavior of people or other animals to provide a systematic and objective analysis of the behavior. | Descriptive Studies |
| A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is actively involved in the situation. | Participant Observation |
| A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is a passive observer, making no attempt to change or alter ongoing behavior. | Naturalistic Observation |
| A research method that studies the same participants multiple times over a period of time. | Longitudinal Studies |
| A research method that compares participants in different groups at the same time. | Cross-Sectional Studies |
| Systematic errors in observation that occur because of an observer's expectations. | Observer Bias |
| Actual change in the behavior of the people or nonhuman animals being observed that is due to the expectation of the observer. | Experimenter Expectancy Effect |
| A research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them. | Correlational Studies |
| A problem encountered in the correlational studies; the researchers find a relationship between two variables, but they cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable. | Directionality Problem |
| A problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest. | Third Variable Problem |
| A study that tests casual hypotheses by measuring and manipulating variables. | Experiment |
| A comparison group; the participants in a study that receive no intervention or receive and intervention that is unrelated to the independent variable being investigated. | Control Group |
| Treatment groups; the participants in a study receive the intervention. | Experimental Groups |
| In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter to examine its impact on the dependent variable. | Independent Variable |
| In an experiment, the variable that is affected (measured) by the manipulation of the independent variable. | Dependent Variable |
| Anything that affects a dependent variable and may unintentionally vary between the experimental conditions of a study. | Confound |
| Everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in. | Population |
| A subset of a population. | Sample |
| The degree to which the findings of an experiment can be generalized outside the laboratory. | External Validity |
| In an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in different groups. | Selection Bias |
| Each research participant has an equal chance of being assigned yo any level of the independent variable. | Random Assignment |
| Studies that take into account the role that culture plays in determining thoughts, feelings, and actions. | Culturally Sensitive Research |
| Systematic assessment and coding of overt behavior. | Observational Techniques |
| When the knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed. | Reactivity |
| Intensive examination of unusual people or organization. | Case Studies |
| Methods of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves, such as in questionnaires or surveys. | Self-Report Methods |
| A research method in which researchers quantify perceptual or cognitive processes in response to a specific stimulus. | Response Performance |
| A device that measures electrical activity in the brain. | Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
| A method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream. | Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
| A method of brain imaging the produces high-quality images of the brain. | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
| An imaging technique used to examine changes in the activity of the working human brain. | Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
| The use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study the brain regions. | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
| Groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it meets the accepted standards of science and provides for the physical and emotional well-being of research participants. | Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) |
| Researchers examine how bodily functions (physiology) change in association with behaviors or mental states (psychology). | Psychophysiological Assessment |
| The extent to which the data collected in a study addresses the research hypothesis in the way intended. | Internal Validity |
| The extent to which a measure is stable and consistent over time in similar conditions. | Reliability |
| The extent to which and experimental measure is free from error. | Accuracy |
| Statistics that summarize the data collected in a study. | Descriptive Statistics |
| A measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a group as a whole. | Central Tendancy |
| A measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers. | Mean |
| A measure of central tendency that is the value in a set of numbers that falls exactly halfway between the lowest and highest values. | Median |
| A measure of central tendency that is the most frequent score or value in a set of numbers. | Mode |
| In a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean. | Variablity |
| A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. | Standard Deviation |
| A graphical depiction of the relationship between two variables. | Scatterplot |
| A statistical value between -1 and +1 indication the type (negative or positive) and the strength of the relationship between 2 variables. | Correlation Coefficient |
| A set of procedures used to make judgments about whether differences actually exist between sets of numbers. | Inferential Statistics |
| A "study of studies" that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion. | Meta-Analysis |
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