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chapter 4 essentials
massage therapy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| neuron parts | Neuroglia, dendrites, axon, neurilemma |
| major neurotransmitters | are acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine (endorphins); and glutamate (or glutamic acid), gamma-aminobutyric acid, substance P, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (enkephalins |
| major functions of the cerebrum are | Interpretation of sensory info from the eyes, ears, nose, taste, tactile, and other sensory structures of the body Transmission of motor impulses that initiate voluntary movements and some involuntary movements in response to sensory data Associatio |
| brainstem glands | thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland. |
| Vital functions of brainstem | connected with survival; vomiting, coughing, and sneezing; posture; and basic movement patterns and houses cranial nerves |
| midbrain or mesencephalon | contains centers for visual and auditory reflexes and correlating information about muscle tone, posture, and visual reflexes and contains cranial nerve nuclei, an important part of the reticular activating system |
| pons (pons varolii), located between the midbrain and the medulla | functions in the rhythmic discharge of the respiratory center of the medulla, chewing, facial expressions, and eye movement and contains cranial nerve nuclei and important centers for rapid eye movement sleep |
| medulla or medulla oblongata connects | the pons and spinal cord |
| medulla functions | Cardiac center: regulates heartbeat Vasomotor center: regulates blood pressure Respiratory center: regulates breathing |
| meninges, or membranes, | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mate |
| three spaces created by the meninges | Epidural space between skull and dura mater Subdural space between dura and arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater that ends at the vertebral level |
| Ascending tracts | conduct impulses up the spinal cord to the brain, transmitting pain, temperature |
| tracts | white matter on the outside of the spinal cord is made up of myelinated nerve fibers, that ascend to and descend from the brain |
| Descending tracts | conduct impulses from the brain down the cord, sending effector information to muscles and glands |
| Common pathologic conditions of CNS | Cerebrovascular accident, or stroke concussion, contusion, cerebral palsy, sezures, tumors, spinal cord injuries |
| Drugs that influence CNS | stimulants are caffeine, nicotine, the amphetamines, and cocaine. depressants are alcohol, narcotics, minor tranquilizers, and barbiturates. The hallucinogens are LSD, PCP, peyote, and marijuana. |
| Three basic types of neurons exist: | 1. Afferent or sensory neurons that carry impulses to the CNS 2. Connecting or associative interneurons that transmit nerve impulses between neurons 3. Efferent or motor neurons that transmit impulses away from the CNS to the muscles, organs, and glands |
| How many nerve cells? | 110 billion nerve cells |
| divisions of the nervous system | • central nervous system (CNS)—composed of the brain, spinal cord, and coverings • peripheral nervous system, which includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia. |
Created by:
zoobrat
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