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Psychology
Quiz 2 Sensation and Perception Ch. 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | Reaction that occurs when info interacts with sensory receptors- the eyes the ears. Sound vibrations received by the auditory receptors found in the cochlea of the ear |
| Perception | The interpretation of sensation. The brains interpretation of the sound as a loud noise or a soft lullaby |
| Why is it hard to study newborn perception | Infants lack of commuication makes it difficult to study their perception. |
| What techniques help study newborn perception | 1. Visual Preference Method 2. Habituaiton/Dishabituation 3. High Amplitude Sucking 4. Orienting Response |
| What is the visual preference method? | Developed by Franz (1963) Determines looking time. Discovered that infants have a preference for looking at high contrast patterened images. |
| At what age in the visual preference method test performed? | Two days and three weeks old. |
| What is the Habituation/Dishabituaiton Test | Study of auditory or visual perception. |
| Habituation | Present stimulus numerous times. Over time infant decreases responsiveness (HABITUATION). Infant becomes disinterested. |
| Dishabituation | Present new stimulus, responsiveness returns (DISHABITUATION). Recovery of responsiveness idnicates perception of old from new. |
| How is high amplitude sucking measured? | Non-nutritive nipple( no nurishment provided) is connected to a computer, measures frequency and strength of sucking. |
| What happens during high amplitude sucking? | 1. Infants learn to suck more to experience more of the same sound 2. Infant becomes (HABITUATED), new sound is presented and the quest for more of that new sound begins. 3. "Playing along" indicates perception of old vs. new auditory stimuli. |
| True or False Can a two month old infant scan faces better than a one month old? | True |
| What is an infants/ newborns vision like? | 20/240: they can see at 20 ft what an adult can see at 240 ft |
| What is a baby's vision like at 6 months | 20/40 |
| Whose face does an infant prefer 12 hours postnatal (after they are born). | Infants prefer moms face 12 hrs after birth. |
| At three months of age can a baby tell one person from another. | Yes. At three months a baby can match voices to faces, distinguish gender and distinguish ethnic groups. |
| What is SIZE constancy? | Recognizing that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object. The farther away an object is the smaller it's image is in our eyes. People look small when they are far away. |
| What is SHAPE constancy? | Recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes. A door is a rectangle if it is half open the shape is still a rectangle. |
| Who conducted the study of PERCEPTION OF OCCLUDED OBJECTS AND INFANCY? | Berenthal, Longo,and Kenny (2007). Measures ability to track occlusion. |
| At what age can an infant track occlusion? | 3 to 5 months of age. |
| At what age are infants best at tracking a moving object that disappears gradually behind an occluded partition? | 5 to 9 months of age BEST AT TRACKING MOVEMENT. |
| What does the visual cliff study measure? | Infants depth perception at 3 to 4 months of age. |
| What happens in the visual cliff study. | Baby age 3 to 4 months old crawls across a table, half is plexiglass giving the allusion that floor is far away. Baby thinks if he continues to crawl he will fall. If baby proceeds he has no depth perception. If he stops he has depth perception. |
| What is accomodation of the eye? | Eyes ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina, declines between 40-59 years of age. |
| Presbyopia | Loss of accomodaiton and ability to focus and maintain an image. 1. increase in blind spot 2. slower adaptation 3. decline in motion sensitivity |
| What causes a decline in color vision? | Yellowing of the lens of the eye. Occurs in the GBV (green, blue, violet) part of the spectrum. |
| What is glaucoma? | Damaged optic nerve due to pressure from fluid buildup in the eye. Can be treated with eye drops, if left untreated vision is destroyed. |
| What are cataracts? | Thickening of lens of eye, causes vision to become cloudy, opaque and distorted. Can be repaired with surgery, artificial lens is put in. |
| What is macular degeneration? | Disease, cuases deterioration of the macula of the retina, focal center of the visual field. If found early can be treated with laser surgery. |
| Can a newborn respond to touch? | Yes newborns respond to touch (tactile stimulation) |
| Can a newborn respond to pain | Yes newborns respond to pain. |
| Can a newborn smell? | Yes newborns diferentiate odors, made faces according to smells. |
| Why is a decline in sensitivity to smell dangerous? | A decline in smell can reduce the ability to detect smoke from a fire. |
| Can a decrease in pain sensitivity help older adults? | Yes it can help cope with disease and injury but this can be bad if this decrease in pain sensitivity masks injury or illness. |
| How do human newborns learn taste. | Prenatally through the amniotic fluid and through breast milk. |
| What affects the rate of decline in taste sensitivity? | Overall health and the consumption of medications. |
| What is the Dynamic Systems Theory? | Developed by Thelen. States motor skills are the result of development of the nervous system, body's physical properties and movement possibilities and mental support for the skill. (Combination of all of them) |
| What are Gross Motor Skills? | Skills that involve large muscle activitis such as walking or posture. |
| What are Fine Motor Skills? | Involve finely tuned motor actions. Reaching and grasping, buttoning a shirt. (finger dexterity) |
| What is intermodial perception? | Integrating information from two or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing. |
| What is a natavist? | One who believes the ability to perceive the world in a competent organized way is inborn or inate. (don't have to learn it) |
| What is an empiricists? | One who believes that babis learn to perceive the world in a competent organzed way by learning and experiencing things. |
| What is the EPIGENIC VIEW of nature and nurture? | Development is an ongoing bi-directional interchange between heridity and the environment. |
| What is the Rooting Reflex | Newborn's built in reaction, touch cheek or mouth, infant turns to side that was touched looking for something to suck |
| What is the Moro Reflex | Startle response, reaction to sudden intense noise or movement. Infant will arch his back, throw head back, fling out arms and legs, then rapidly close arms and legs to center of body |
| What is the Grasping Reflex | Touch infants palm, he grasps object tightly. |
| What is the ecological view? | Developed by Eleanor and James Gibson. People directly perceive info in the world around them. Perception brings people in contact with the environment in order to interact with it and adapt to it. |
| What are affordances? | Oportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities. ( a pot offers you somehting to cook with, offers a toddler something to bang on) |
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shortcake
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