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Myers Social Psych
Myers, Social Psych Entire Glossary
Question | Answer |
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Aggression | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. In laboratory experiments, this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings. By this social psychological definition, one can be socially assertive witho |
attitude inoculation | exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available. |
Attractiveness | having qualities that appeal to an audience. An appealing communicator (often someone similar to the audience) is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference. |
Catharsis | emotional release. The catharsis view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression. |
central route to persuasion | persuasion that occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. |
companionate love | the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined. |
credibility | believability. A credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy. |
Deindividuation | loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad. |
Discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members. |
Displacement | the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target. |
Equity | a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it. Note |
frustration aggression theory | the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress. |
Group | two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us." |
group-serving bias | explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group). |
hostile aggression | aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself (also called affective aggression). |
Ingratiation | the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor. |
instinctive behavior | an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species. |
instrumental aggression | aggression that is a means to some other end. |
matching phenomenon | the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits. |
mere-exposure effect | the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them. |
outgroup homogeneity effect | perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus "they are alike; we are diverse." |
own-race bias | the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race. |
passionate love | a state of intense longing for union with another. Passionate lovers are absorbed in one another, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner's love, and are disconsolate on losing it. |
peripheral route to persuasion | persuasion that occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. |
Persuasion | the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. |
physical-attractiveness stereotype | the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well |
pluralistic ignorance | a false impression of how other people are thinking, feeling, or responding. |
primacy effect | other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence. |
Proximity | geographical nearness. Proximity (more precisely, "functional distance") powerfully predicts liking. |
realistic group conflict theory | the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources. |
recency effect | information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Recency effects are less common than primacy effects. |
relative deprivation | the perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself. |
social dominance | orientation a motivation to have one's group to be dominant over other social groups. |
social facilitation | (1) original meaning-the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present (2) current meaning-strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses owing to the presence of others. |
social leadership | leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support. |
social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished. |
Subgrouping | accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group. |
Subtyping | accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by splitting off a subgroup stereotype (such as "middle class Blacks" or "feminist women"). Subtyping protects stereotypes. |
task leadership | leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals. |
two-factor theory of emotion | arousal occurs first, then is labeled by a certain emotion. |
two-step flow of communication | the process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others. |
Need for Cognition | The motivation to think and analyze. |
One-sided Argument | most effective with those who already agree |
Two-sided Argument | ackowledges opposing arguments; effective with those who do not already agree |
Generational | Attitudes do not change; this explains the generation gap |
Lifestyle | Attitudes change as people grow older |
Evaluation apprehension | Concern for how others are evaluating us. |
Social loafing | The tendency for people to exert less effort when they combine their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable. |
Group polarization | Group-produced enhancement of members preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency where no split in attitudes is present |
Groupthink | The mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action |
Transformational-Leadership | Leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence |
Prejudice | A preconceived negative judgement of a group and its members |
Stereotype | A belief about personal attributes of a group of people |
Authoritarian personality | A personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status |
Ethnocentrism | Believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups |
Ingroup | "Us"; a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity |
Outgroup | "Them"; a group that people perceive as distinctively different from their ingroup |
Ingroup bias | The tendency to favor one's own group |
Stigma consciousness | A person's expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination |
Just-World Phenomenon | The tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
Categorization | When an individual deviates from one's stereotype, people may categorize the individual using subtyping or subgrouping to accomodate |
Influences on aggression | aversive incidents, the media, and group context can all trigger aggression |
Aversive Incidents | pain, uncomfortable heat, an attack, and overcrowding are all averise incidents that can influence aggressive behavior |
Pornography | A media influence on aggression; studies show exposure to agressive-erotic films increases agression of men toward women, decreases a partner's attraction, increases acceptance of unrestricted sex, and increases the perception of women in sexual terms |
Need to belong | A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions |
Similarity | People with similar traits are more likely to attract; Opposites not so much |
Complementarity | One partner may lack an asset or trait that the other partner may possess which makes the relationship complementary |
Sternberg's love triangle | The types of loving relationships as combinations of three basic components of loves; Intimacy, passion, and commitment |
Secure attachment | Rooted in trust and marked by intimacy; Positive attachment |
Dismissive attachment | avoidant relationship style; distrust of others; Positive attachment |
Preoccupied attachment | Sense of one's own unworthiness and anxiety, ambivalence and possessiveness; Negative attachment |
Fearful attachment | Avoidant relationship style; fear of rejection; Negative attachment |
Self-disclosure | Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. As a relationship grows, so does the rate of self-disclosure between partners. |