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PSY 201: Chapter 6
Memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory | The ability to store and retrieve information over time |
| Encoding | The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into and enduring memory |
| Storage | The process of maintaining information in memory over time |
| Retrieval | The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored |
| Elaborative encoding | The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that's already in memory |
| Visual imagery encoding | The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures |
| Organizational encoding | The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items |
| Sensory memory | A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less |
| Iconic memory | A fast-decaying store of visual information |
| Echoic memory | A fast-decaying store of auditory information |
| Short-term memory | A type of storage that holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute |
| Rehearsal | The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it |
| Chunking | Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory |
| Working memory | Active maintenance of information in short-term storage |
| Long-term memory | A type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years |
| Anterograde amnesia | The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store |
| Retrograde amnesia | The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation |
| Consolidation | The process by which memories become stable in the brain |
| Reconsolidation | Memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again |
| Long-term potentiation (LTP) | A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier |
| NMDA receptor | A receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation |
| Retrieval cue | External information that helps bring stored information to mind |
| Encoding specificity principle | The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded |
| State-dependent retrieval | The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval |
| Transfer-appropriate processing | The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match |
| Retrieval-induced forgetting | A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items |
| Explicit memory | The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences |
| Implicit memory | The influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection |
| Procedural memory | The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things |
| Priming | An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus |
| Semantic memory | A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world |
| Episodic memory | The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place |
| Transcience | Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time |
| Retroactive interference | Situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier |
| Proactive interference | Situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later |
| Absentmindedness | A lapse in attention that results in memory failure |
| Prospective memory | Remembering to do things in the future |
| Blocking | A failure to retrieve information that's available in memory even though you are trying to produce it |
| Memory misattribution | Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source |
| Source memory | Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired |
| False recognition | A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before |
| Suggestibility | The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections |
| Bias | The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences |
| Persistence | The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget |
| Flashbulb memories | Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events |
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