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PSY 2210 Physio
Physiological Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hemorrhagic stroke | bleeding in the brain; usually from a malformed blood vessel weakened by hypertension; blood accumulates in brain; accounts for ~15% of strokes |
| Obstructive stroke | blockage in blood vessel; causes ischemia; thrombus and embolus blockages |
| Ischemia | when given tissue in body is denied blood; loss of blood flow |
| Thrombus | type of blockage in brain; blood clot that forms in vessels |
| Embolus | type of blockage in brain; something that forms in one part of blood stream until it can't pass through |
| Atherosclerosis | Precursor to heart attacks and obstructive strokes; plaque development in the lining of the arteries; most often found in the internal carotid artery |
| Effects of stroke | permanent brain damage; presence of excessive glutamate |
| Broca's Area | -Production of speech -Inferior left frontal lobe -converts perceptions, memories, and thoughts into speech -motor memories of sequences of motor movements needed for making words -grammar -word selection |
| Wernicke's Area | -Comprehension of speech -superior left temporal lobe -recognition of spoken words -production of meaningful speech |
| Long-term effects of left hemisphere strokes | -Right hemiplegia -Aphasia -slow and cautious behavior style -short-term memory problems |
| Aphasia | term used to describe a wide range of speech and language problems -can be highly specific or generalized -Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia |
| Long-term effects of right hemisphere strokes | -left hemiplegia -problems w/ perceptual or spatial abilities (misjudge distance, unable to guide hands in dexterous tasks) -judgement difficulties -impulsive behavioral style -left-sided neglect -short-term memory problems |
| Broca's Aphasia | -damage to region of inferior left frontal lobe -disrupts ability to speak -slow, laborious, and nonfluent speech -usually are able to produce meaningful words (content words) better than non-meaningful words (function words) -can comprehend speech |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | -poor speech comprehension and production of meaningless speech -fluent and unlabored speech -uses few content words, and often words strung together don't make sense |
| Brain stem stroke | -paralysis on one or both sides of body -may affect breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate -depression -involuntary emotional expression disorder (involuntary crying or laughing, embarrassment, anxiety, social isolation) -limbic system affected |
| Tissue Plasminogen Activator | -clot-dissolving drug -helps in minimizing brain damage after a stroke -provides benefits if taken within 3 hours of stroke -neurotoxic if blood brain barrier is damaged |
| Desmoteplase | -compound in the saliva of vampire bats -provides clear benefit if administered within 9 hours -no excitotoxic injury |
| Generalized Seizures | -involves most of the brain -usually grow from a focus, but sometimes origin is never discovered |
| Partial Seizures | -begins at a focus and remains localized -focus is usually a scarred region caused by an old injury or a developmental abnormality such as a malformed blood vessel -simple and complex |
| Simple Partial Seizures | -often cause changes in consciousness but do not cause loss of consciousness |
| Complex Partial Seizures | -lead to loss of consciousness due to their location and severity |
| Tonic-Clonic Seizure | -most severe type -sometimes called a grand mal seizure -generalized -accompanied by convulsions because it includes the motor system of the brain -warning symptoms (changes in mood or sudden jerks -aura right before seizure |
| Aura | A sensation that precedes a seizure; its exact nature depends on the location of the seizure focus |
| Tonic Phase | -beginning of a tonic-clonic seizure -muscles constrict to rigidity -unconsciousness -this phase holds for about 15 seconds, then clonic phase begins |
| Clonic Phase | -procedes tonic phase -muscles begin trembling, then jerk convulsively--quickly at first then slowly -eyes roll -fall into a deep sleep for about 15 minutes |
| Absence Seizure | -generalized -more common in children -stop what they're doing and stare off into the distance for a few seconds, often blinking eyes repeatedly -unresponsive -usually don't notice when these happen -can occur 100's of times a day |
| Damage to brain due to seizures | -severe damage to hippocampus -amount of damage correlated w/ number and severity of seizures |
| Atonic Seizure | -opposite of tonic-clonic -muscles go limp causing temporary paralysis |
| Toxic Chemicals | -toxins impair fetal development during pregnancy |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | -abnormal facial and deficient brain development -usually caused by mother ingesting alcohol during pregnancy |
| Inherited Metabolic Disorders | -involve an error in genetics where an enzyme is not being produced -PKU -Tay-Sachs Disease |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | -heredity disorder caused by absence of enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine -accumulation of phen. causes brain damage unless a special diet is implemented soon after birth -excessive amounts of phen. interfere w/ myelinization |
| Tay-Sachs Disease | -metabolic storage disorder -lack of enzymes in lysosomes causes accumulation of waste produces and swelling of cells in brain -startled by sounds, irritable, spastic, seizures, dementia, and death |
| Down Syndrome | -extra 21st chromosome -often mild retardation -small frontal lobes/thin Wernicke's area -experience degenerative symptoms in 30's -congenital disorder (born with) |
| Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) | -bovine spongiform encephalopathy -Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease -Fatal Familial Insomnia -brain has swiss cheese appearance -misfolding of prions -BSE=mad cow disease -contagious |
| Parkinson's Disease | -Rigid, slow movement, resting tremor, and postural instability -loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons (coordinating movement) -near-disappearance of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neruons |
| Huntington's Disease | -caused by degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen -uncontrollable, jerky limb movements -progressive disease; includes cognitive and emotional changes and eventually causes death usually within 10-15 years after onset of symptoms |
| Alzheimer's Disease | -common form of elderly dementia -progressive loss of memory and other mental functions -severe degeneration of hippocampus -marked by beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles |
| Beta-amyloid plaques | -extracellular deposits that consist of a dense core of a protein known as B-amyloid |
| Neurofibrillary Tangles | -dying neuron containing intracellular accumulations of twisted filaments of tau protein that formerly served as cell's internal skeleton |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | -aka Lou Gehrig's Disease -degenerative disorder that attacks spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons -symptoms include spasticity, exaggerated stretch reflexes, progressive weakness, muscular atrophy, and paralysis -death usually 10-15 years |
| Multiple Sclerosis | -autoimmune demyelinating disorder -sclerotic plaques of destroyed myelin -affects white matter of brain (multiple symptoms) -symptoms episodic -higher incidence in men than women -those born late winter/early spring more at risk |
| MS treatments | Interferon B-a protein that modulates the responsiveness of the immune system; shown to reduce freq. & sev. of attacks and slow progression of neurological disabilities Glatiramer Acetate-mixture of synthetic peptides from random sequences of amino acids |
| Encephalitis | -an inflammation of brain; caused by bacteria, viruses, or toxic chemicals -most common is virus from mosquitoes -symptoms include fever, irritability, nausea, and later convulsions, delirium, aphasia, or paralysis |
| Herpes Simple Virus | -usually causes cold sores near the lips but can also cause brain damage -can cause encephalitis -virus attacks frontal and temporal lobes and can severely damage them |
| Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis | -"polio" -viral disease that destroys motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord -form of encephalitis -damages neurons associated with motor functions |
| Rabies | -form of encephalitis -transmitted by saliva through bite wound -symptoms include fever, headache, anxiety, movement issues, seizures, and confusion -death occurs 2-7 days after symptoms -damage to cerebellum and hippocampus |
| Meningitis | -an inflammation of the meninges -can be caused by viruses or bacteria -symptoms include headache, stiff neck, convulsions, loss of consciousness, and sometimes death |
| Schizophrenia | -positive symptoms: made known by their presence; thought disorders, hallucinations, and delusions -negative symptoms: noted for an absence/diminishment of normal behavior -cognitive: noted for difficulties in cognitive processing, sustaining attention |
| Thought Disorder | -disorganized, irrational thinking -having great difficulty arranging their thoughts logically and sorting out plausible conclusions from absurd ones |
| Delusions | -beliefs that are obviously contrary to fact -D. of persecution=false beliefs that others are plotting against oneself -D. of grandeur=false beliefs in one's power and importance, such as a conviction that one has godlike powers or has special knowledge |
| Hallucinations | -perceptions of stimuli that are not really present -usually auditory -olfactory second most common |
| Anhedonia | -inability to experience pleasure |
| Heritability of Schizophrenia | -slightly less than 50% incidence -either several genes are involved or susceptibility to disease is triggered by other factors -DISC 1 -mutations that affect neural differentiation and growth could be responsible for susceptibility |
| Chlorpromazine | -blocks dopamine receptors -dopamine antagonist |
| Seasonality Effect | -people born during later winter and early spring are more likely to develop schizophrenia -gestational effect while in the womb -phenomenon |
| Hypofrontality | -decreased activity of the prefrontal cortex; believed to be responsible for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
| Bipolar | -one of two subtypes of major affective disorders -periods of mania and depression -episodes of mania usually last a few weeks -episodes of depression are 3x mania length -affects women and men ~ equally -cyclical features |
| Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) | -periods of depression WITHOUT mania -feel very low all the time -can be continuous or episodic -can constantly be depressed, or be in cycles |
| Biological Treatments for MAD's | Lithium & Anticonvulsants; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI's); Tricyclic Antidepressants; Serotonin and NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI's) |
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI's) | -increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine -potentially severe side effects due to the nature -involved in stress hormone release |
| Lithium and Anticonvulsants | -treatment for bipolar disorder -evens out the moods/behavior (less alteration in moods) |
| Tricyclic Antidepressants | -inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin but also affects other neurotransmitters |
| Specific Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI's) | -an antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin without affecting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters -discovered because of the discovery of tricyclic antidepressants -Prozac, Celexa, Paxil |
| Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI's) | -an antidepressant that specifically inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin without affecting reuptake of other neurotransmitters -fewer side effects than tricyclic antidepressants |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) | -anesthetized first before treatment -induces a controlled seizure -used in severe depression cases -sometimes memory loss |
| Deep Brain Stimulation | -direct electrical stimulation of the brain -useful for treatment-resistant depression -stimulating electrodes placed just below the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (subgenual ACC) of the brain |
| Vagus Nerve Stimulation | -reduces symptoms of depression -indirect form of brain stimulation -painless & no seizures -similar to deep brain stimulation, except electrodes placed on vagus nerve -also helps with epilepsy |
| Panic Disorder | -periods of acute/unremitting terror (can last a few seconds to a few hours) -prevalence <2% (women 2x likely as men) -suffer from anticipatory anxiety |
| Anticipatory Anxiety | -the fear of having a panic attack -may lead to the development of agoraphobia |
| Agoraphobia | -a fear of being away from home or other protected places due to anticipatory anxiety -afraid of having a panic attack in a public place |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | -symptoms include excessive anxiety and worry, difficulty in controlling these symptoms, and clinically significant signs of distress and disruption of their lives -prevalence ~3% -2x greater in women than men |
| Social Anxiety Disorder | -aka social phobia -a persistent, excessive fear of being exposed to the scrutiny of other people that leads to avoidance of social situations in which the person is called on to perform -difficulty speaking in public -~5%; equal in men and women |
| Possible causes of anxiety disorders | -increased activity of amygdala, cingulate, prefrontal, insular cortices -decreased activity of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex |
| Treatment for Anxiety Disorders | -Benzodiazepines -SSRI's |
| Benzodiazepine | -treatment for anxiety disorders -decreases activation of amygdala and the insula -targets GABA receptors of amygdala |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | -suffer from obsessions and compulsions -incidence is 1-2% -women more likely than men to elicit symptoms -genetic origin, but not all cases -sometimes caused by brain damage -dysfunction of basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus, and prefrontal cortex |
| Autonomic Nervous System | -regulates involuntary activity of glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle -controlled by hypothalamus |
| Sympathetic Adreno Medullary system (SAM) | -responds to acute stress |
| Hypothalamic Pituitary Adreno Corticoid system (HPAC or HPA-axis) | -responds to chronic stress |
| Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) | -a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | -a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to CRH; stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids |
| Cortisol | -most important glucocorticoid -increases mobilization of fuels of the body, especially glucose -steroid secreted by adrenal cortex |
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jsweitz
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