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AP Psych 6Learning
Unit 6: Learning Vocabulary Words
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | a lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience |
| habituation | learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus |
| mere exposure effect | a learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed |
| behavioral learning | forms of learning, such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses |
| classical conditioning | a form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus |
| neutral stimulus | any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning. When it is brought into a conditioning experiment, the researcher will call it a conditioned stimulus. The assumption is that some conditioning occurs after even one pairing of the CS |
| unconditioned stimulus | the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response |
| unconditioned response | the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning |
| acquisition | the initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus | a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response. In a conditioning experiment, the neutral stimulus when it is first paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned response | a response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus |
| extinction | the weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay |
| stimulus generalization | the extension of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus |
| stimulus discimination | a change in responses to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar |
| experimental neurosis | a pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli |
| taste-aversion learning | a biological tendency in which an organism learns, after a single experience, to avoid a food with a certain taste, if eating it is followed by illness |
| operant | an observable, voluntary behavior that an organism emits to operate on, or have an effect on, the environment |
| operant conditioning | a form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences-that is, by the stimuli that follow the response |
| law of effect | the idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned, or stamped into the organism |
| reinforcer | a condition that occurs after a response and strengthens that response |
| positive reinforcement | a stimulus presented after a response and increasing the probability of that response happening again |
| negative reinforcement | the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, contingent upon a particular behavior |
| operant chamber | a boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers contingent on an animal's behavior; Skinner Box |
| reinforcement contengencies | relationships between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow the response |
| continuous reinforcement | a type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced |
| shaping | an operant learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing response that are similar to the desired response |
| intermittent reinforcement | a type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced; also called partial reinforcement |
| extinction (in operant conditioning) | a process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement |
| schedules of reinforcement | programs specifying the frequency and timing of reinforcements |
| ratio schedule | a program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses |
| interval schedule | a program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement |
| fixed ratio schedules | programs by which reinforcement is contingent upon a certain, unvarying number of responses |
| variable ratio schedules | reinforcement programs by which the number of responses required for a reinforcement varies from trial to trial |
| fixed interval schedules | programs by which reinforcement is contingent upon a certain, fixed time period |
| variable interval schedules | programs by which the time period between reinforcements varies from trial to trial |
| primary reinforcers | reinforcers, such as food and sex, that have an innate basis because of their biological value to an organism |
| conditioned reinforcers or secondary reinforcers | stimuli, such as money or tokens, that acquire their reinforcing power by a learned association with primary reinforcers |
| token economy | a therapeutic method, based on operant conditioning, by which individuals are reqarded with tokens, which act as secondary reinforcers. The tokens can be redeemed for a variety of rewards and privileges |
| Premack principle | the concept, developed by David Premack, that are more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity |
| punishment | an aversive stimulus which, occurring after a response, diminishes the strength of that response |
| positive punishment | the application of an aversive stimulus after a response |
| negative punishment | the removal of an attractive stimulus after a response |
| insight learning | a form of cognitive learning, originally described by the Gestalt psychologists, in which problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganizaiton of perceptions |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of physical space |
| observational learning | a form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others' behavior and the consequences of their behavior |
| long-term potentiation | a biological process, involving physical changes that strengthen the synapses in groups of nerve cells, which is believed to be the neural basis of learning |
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