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Intro to psychology
First test flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is psychology? | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| What are the goals of psychology? | To describe, predict, and explain behavior |
| Cognitive approach | Emphasizes the mental processes involved in Knowing: how we direct our attention, how we perceive, how we remember, and how we think and solve problems |
| Biological approach | A focus on the body, especially the brain and nervous system |
| Behavioral approach | Emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants |
| Psychodynamic approach | Emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological instincts and society's demands, and early family experiences. |
| The theoretical approach that focuses on overt behavior is _________ | Behavioral approach |
| Determining what social factors lead to depression in adolescence is an example of which goal of psychology? | Explain behavior |
| Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and John Watson are key figures in the _______ approach. | Behavioral approach |
| Trying to get your roommate to be neater is an example of which goal of psychology? | Describe |
| What is the scientific method? | A method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested. |
| What is a hypothesis? | An idea that is arrived at logically from a theory, it is a prediction that can be tested |
| Advantages of surveys | Get lots of good information that can be helpful when you are looking for information differences in a group |
| Disadvantages of surveys | Some people might not want to take it, could give wrong or dishonorable answers |
| Advantages of correlational studies | Shows how different factors vary or are similar, good for lots of data and to show different patterns of different factors |
| Disadvantages of correlational studies | Two different events might not be related, wrong information, etc. |
| Advantages of Experiments | Might come out with an answer you want, find out something you might not have known if you didn't do the experiment |
| Disadvantages of experiments | May not be the same conclusion as you thought, experiment might go wrong somehow, etc. |
| Advantages of observations | Shows how people act in real life, get the straight truth about something |
| Disadvantages of observations | The person you are observing might know that you are observing them and might act different because of it |
| Independent variables | The manipulated experimental factor in an experiment |
| Dependent variables | A factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable |
| Experimental groups | A group in the research study whose experience is manipulated |
| Control groups | A comparison group that is like the Experimental group and is treated like the experimental group except for the manipulated factor |
| Sample | The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study |
| Placebo | A substance having no pharmacological effect but given merely to satisfy a patient who supposes it to be a medicine. |
| Random assignment/random sample | A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected |
| What research method can show a cause and effect relationship? | Experiments |
| The variable that is controlled by the experimenter is the ________ | Independent variable |
| Dishonesty on the part of the subject is a possible disadvantage of the ________method | Survey |
| If, when variable A increases, variable B also increases, we say that there is a __________ correlation | Positive correlation |
| He is just wired differently that the other kids. Besides that, his father's family was all like that. | Biological |
| She must have had a very difficult childhood, with a remote and distant father and a domineering mother. | Psychodynamic |
| Don't pay any attention to his temper tantrums and they will stop. | Behavioral |
| Aren't you being a little anal? | Psychodynamic |
| My girlfriend dumped me: I will probably never find anyone else. | Cognitive |
| Give her a dollar for every A on her report card and she will shape up. | Behavioral |
| He is just a teenager with raging hormones. | Biological |
| I am worthless; I can't even find a decent job; I don't know if I even want to keep trying. | Cognitive |
| Maybe, unconsciously, she wants to fail | Psychodynamic |
| I guess I just don't deserve to have any success in life | Cognitive |
| I exercise and I don't eat much; it's a glandular problem | Biological |
| If you would spank him once in a while, he would soon learn what his limits are | Behavioral |
| She chose that lifestyle | Cognitive |
| What is the structure of a nerve cell? | Includes a nucleus, cell body, axon, dendrites, and uses a nerve impulse |
| How are messages transmitted through a nerve cell? | The nucleus/cell body sends a nerve impluse down the axon and eventually makes a chemical transmission |
| Occipital Lobe | The part of the cerebral cortex at the back of the head that is involved in vision |
| Temporal Lobe | The portion of the cerebral cortex just above the ears that is involved in hearing, language processing, and memory |
| Frontal Lobe | The part of the cerebral cortex just behind the forehead that is involved in the control of voluntary muscles, intelligence, and personality |
| Parietal Lobe | Area of the cerebral cortex at the top of the head that is involved in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control |
| Left side of the brain | Controls right side movements, speech, and grammar |
| Right side of the brain | Controls left side movements and emotions |
| Corpus callosum | Thick band of about 80 million axons that connects the brain cells in one hemisphere to those in the other. In healthy brains, the two sides engage in a continuous flow in information via this neural bridge. |
| Hindbrain | The lowest portion of the brain, consisting of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons |
| Midbrain | Located between the hindbrain and the forebrain, a region in which many nerve-fiber systems ascend and descend to connect the higher and lower portions of the brain |
| Forebrain | The highest level of the brain. Key structures in the forebrain are the limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex |
| What did psychologists learn from the case study of Phineas Gage? | Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain can dramatically alter a person's personality |
| The lobe of the brain that governs movement of the voluntary muscles is the _____ | Frontal lobe |
| Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that send messages across the ___________ to the next neuron | Synaptic gap |
| The language centers are primarily in the ______ lobe of the brain | Temporal |
| The primary visual cortex is in the _______ lobe of the brain | Occipital |
| What is developmental psychology? | Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life. Researches who study development are intrigued by its universal characteristics and by its individual variations |
| What are some of the physical changes that occur in adolescence? | Height, weight, acne, facial hair, etc. |
| What are some of the cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood? | Realistic, pragmatic thinking, loss of memory, etc. |
| What is the highest level of cognitive development, according to Piaget? | Formal Operational |
| What stage of social emotional development did Eriksen say that adolescents experience? | Identity vs. Confusion |
| An infant's tendency to put objects into his/her mouth is part of the _______ stage of cofnitive development, according to Piaget? | Sensorimotor |
| Girls enter into puberty about _________ before boys | 2 years |
| A concept or framework for organizing information is a ____________ according to Piaget | Schema |
| ______ is a landmark achievement of the sensorimotor stage of development. | Showing complex sensorimotor patterns and the beginning of the use of symbols in their thinking |
| Intimacy vs. isolation is a stage that is usually encountered by people in the ___________ stage of development | Middle adulthood |
| Trust vs. mistrust is usually encountered by people in the ___________ stage of development | Infancy |
| Assimilation | How do we take a new phenomina and put that into an already existing schema |
| Accommidation | When something doesn't fit, you have to make a new schema |
| Sensorimotor stage | Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions |
| Preoperational stage | Thought becomes more symbolic than in the sensorimotor stage but the child cannot yet perform operations |
| Concrete operational stage | Thought becomes operational and intuitive reasoning is replaced by logical reasoning in concrete situations |
| Formal operational stage | Thinking becomes more abstract, idealistic, and logical |
| Trust vs. Mistrust | Ages 0-1 1/2 |
| Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt | Ages 1 1/2 - 3 |
| Initiative vs. Guilt | Ages 3-5 |
| Industry vs. Inferiority | Ages 6-puberty |
| Identity vs. Identity confusion | Ages 10-20 |
| Intimacy vs. Isolation | Ages 20-39 |
| Generativity vs. Stagnation | Ages 40-59 |
| Integrity vs. Despair | Ages 60-death |
Created by:
AndreaPost
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