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PSY 220 Ch 1

Introduction to Scientific Research

QuestionAnswer
The 5 methods of acquiring knowledge Intuition, authority, rationalism, empiricism, and tenacity.
An approach to acquiring knowledge that is based on known reasoning process. "A gut feeling." Intuition
A basis for acceptance of information because it is acquired from a respected source. Authority
Acquiring knowledge through reason. Rationalism
Acquiring knowledge through experience. Empiricism
Most trustworthy way of acquiring knowledge that is reliable and valid in the natural world. Science
Specific to general ideas Induction
General to specific ideas Deduction
Testing a predicted relationship or hypothesis by making observations and comparing observed facts. Hypothesis testing
Focused on verifying hypothesis as a key criterion of science. Who and what kind of reasoning? AKA Logical positivism; Vienna Circle; Inductive; Logic of Discovery
Approach to science that focuses on falsifying a hypothesis. Theory testing part of scienctific process. Who and what kind of reasoning? AKA Falsification; Popper; deductive; Logic of Justification
Hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation of other assumptions Duhem-Quine Principle
Popular in behavioral science; science should justify its practices according to how well they work rather than to philosophical (rational) arguments. Naturalism
Present when theory and hypothesis closely fit empirical evidence. Empirical adequacy
A period in which science is governed by a single paradigm. Paradigm will be replaced and turned into revolutionary science. Who? AKA Normal Science; Khun's paradigms
Framework of thoughts or belief in which reality is interpreted. Paradigm
Another period in which after mature/normal science abnormalities or criticisms will cause one paradigm to be replaced. Revolutionary Science
Another term for paradigm. In this theory, paradigms are not replaced but expanded. "Mechanistic" reactive paradigm vs. "organismic" active. Research program; Lakato's term for paradigm
A thought that science should have no structure and an anything goes attitude. Feyerabend's anarchistic theory of science
The belief that mental processes and behaviors are fully caused by prior natural factors. Determinism
Weaker form of determinism indicates that regularities usually occur. Probabilistic causes
The assumption that our senses are reality. Reality in nature
The assumption that it is possible to discover the regularities that exist in nature. Discoverability
Elimination of the influence of extraneous variables. Control
Improvements due to participant's expectations for improvement rather than the actual treatment. Placebo effect
Representing constructs by a specific set of operations. Operationalism
Reproductions of the results of a study in a new study. Replication
Using multiple measures to represent a construct. Multiple Operationalism
Another term for operational definition. Who? Operationalization; Campbell
Defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it. Operational Definition
A quantitative technique for describing the relationship between variables across multiple research studies. Involves statistics. Meta-analysis
An explanation of how and why something operates. Theory
Portrayals of a situation or phenonmenon Description
Determination of the causes of a given phenomenon. Explanation
Ability to anticipate occurrence of an event. Prediction
What are the 3 definitions of control? 1. Comparison group. 2 Elimination of the influence of extraneous variables. 3. Manipulation of antecedent conditions to produce a change in mental process and behavior.
Set of beliefs or practices that are not scientific but claim to be scientific. Pseudoscience
How has the methods of science changed over the centuries and describe each of the methods of science that your book identified Tenacity- To be exposed Intuition- To feel Authority- To listen Rationalism- To think Empiricism- To experiment
What is the difference between induction and deduction? Induction are ideas that go from specific to general. (Go in to something big) Deduction are general to specific ideas. (Smaller to smaller)
What is the difference between logical positivism and falsification? Logical positivism is atempting to test a theory in hopes that it will be true. Verifying the hypothesis. Falsification is attempting to refute the hypothesis. Keeping in mind the Duhem-Quine principle that any reason besides yours may exist.
What is a paradigm? A way something is. The framework with beliefs and ideas to which reality is interpreted.
What is the role of a paradigm in normal and revolutionary science? In normal science a single paradigm exists. In revolutionary science that paradigm is replaced. This is the Khun's paradigm theory.
Describe the basic assumptions underlying science. Uniformity- (determinism & probabilistic causes)Always occur (sun rise)/not always occur (rain) Reality- Our senses are real Discoverability- possible to study nature
List and describe the characteristics of scientific research. Control- Must have a control group. IV and DV Operationalism- Must have a specific structiure and specific definition to measurements Replication- Data must be able to be duplicated
What purpose does operationalism serve in psychological research? So that researchers can effectively publish their results. Communication with maximum precision and minimal ambiguity.
What is the role of theory in the scientific process and define theory. Logic of Discovery- Logic of Justification-
Describe each of the objectives of psychological research. Describe- What is the phenomenon. Explain- Why and what causes it. Predict- Understanding the phenomenon and seeing if it will occur again. Control- Manipulating conditions for phenomenon
What are characteristics of pseudoscience and why is it a problem? -Using hypothesis to refute criticism -Reinterpreting negative findings to support claim -No self correcting through several tests -Reverse burden of proof: Prove me wrong! -Reliance on testimonials -Obscurantist language -Not related to other scien
Created by: nga
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