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AC Theories
Addition counseling theories
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Founder of Psychoanalytical Theory | Freud |
| Freud's view of nature is considered to be DYNAMIC meaning | there is an exchange of energy and transformation |
| Catharsis | Freud's term to describe release of energy. |
| (Psychoanalytical) Conscious Mind | knowledge of what is happening in the present |
| (Psychoanalytical) Preconscious mind | contains information both the unconscious and conscious mind |
| (Psychoanalytical) Unconscious mind | contains hidden or forgotten memories or experiences |
| Three parts of personality (Psychoanalytical) | the id, the ego, and the superego |
| ID (Psychoanalytical) | Present at birth and part of the unconscious. The site of the pleasure principal; the tendency to move toward pleasure and away from pain. No sense of right and wrong, impulsive, not rational. Most basic of human instinct. |
| EGO (Psychoanalytical) | Functions primarily in the conscious and preconscious mind. Controls wishes and desires. The site of the reality principle. Has the ability to interact with the outside world with appropriate goals and activities. |
| SUPEREGO (Psychoanalytical) | Set ideal standards and morals for the individual. Operates on moral principal and rewards for following parental and societal dictates. |
| All developmental stages (Psychoanalytical) | Oral Stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage |
| Ego defense mechanisms (Psychoanalytical) | believed by Freud to protect the individual from being overwhelmed by anxiety. Normal, according to Freud and operates on the unconscious level. |
| Repression (Psychoanalytical) | the defense mechanism whereby the ego excludes any painful or undesirable thoughts, memories, feelings, or impulses from the unconscious. |
| Projection (Psychoanalytical) | the defense mechanism whereby the individual assigns their own undesirable emotions and characteristics to another individual. |
| Reaction formation (Psychoanalytical) | the defense mechanism whereby the individual expresses the opposite emotion, feeling, or impulse than that which causes anxiety |
| Displacement (Psychoanalytical) | a defense mechanism whereby the energy that is generated toward a potentially dangerous or inappropriate target is refocused to a safe target. |
| Sublimation (Psychoanalytical) | where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are consciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse |
| Regression (Psychoanalytical) | defense mechanism-returns to earlier stage of development. |
| Rationalization (Psychoanalytical) | defense mechanism where an individual creates a sensible explanation for an illogical or unacceptable behavior making it appear sensible or acceptable. |
| Denial (Psychoanalytical) | an individual does not acknowledge an event or situation that may be unpleasant or traumatic. |
| Identification (Psychoanalytical) | a person takes on the qualities of another person to reduce the fear and anxiety toward that person. |
| Role of counselor in psychoanalytical therapy | gives client and acceptance. the client freely explores difficult material and experiences from their past gaining insight and working through unresolved issues. |
| Goals of psychoanalytical therapy | helping the client to bring into the conscious the unconscious, help client work through developmental stage that was not resolved, or where client became fixated, help the client adjust to demands of work, intimacy, and society. |
| Free Association (Psychoanalytical) | a process where the client verbalizes any thoughts without censorship, no matter how trivial the thoughts may be to the client. |
| Dream Analysis (Psychoanalytical) | a process where the counselor relates their dreams to the counselor. The counselor interprets the obvious or manifest content and hidden meanings or latent content. |
| Individual Psychology-Alderian Founder: | Adler |
| Believing that people were motivated toward a feeling of belonging | Alderian |
| People strive to become successful and strive for perfection | Alderian |
| A person's conscious behavior, not their unconscious is a mainstay of personality development | Alderian |
| Emphasizes personal responsibility for how an individual chooses to interpret and adjust to life's events or situations. | Alderian |
| Maladjustment (Alderian) | choosing behavior resulting in lack of social interest or personal growth. |
| Birth Order (Alderian) | Oldest children-high achievers Second Born-outgoing, less anxious Middle children-feeling of being 'squeezed', can be very manipulative. Youngest child-apt at pleasing or entertaining |
| Basic socialization unit for the child (Alderian) | Family |
| Life takes courage or wilingness to take risks without knowing the outcome. A person with a healthy lifestyle contributes to society, has meaningful work, and intimate relationships. | Alderian |
| The client-counselor relationship is an equal one with the counselor with the counselor sharing insights, impressions, opinions, and feelings with the client to promote the therapeutic relationship. | Alderian |
| Empowers the client to take responsibility to change through a re-educational process. | Alderian |
| Often provides the pt with "homework". | Alderian |
| _____________ are eclectic in techniques with an emphasis on encouragement and responsibility | Alderians |
| The four goals of Alderian Therapy therapeutic process: | establishing a therapeutic relationship, examining the style of life, developing client insight, and changing behavior |
| Most commonly used technique of Alderian Therapy: | rapport, defining style of life, and helping the client to gain insight. |
| Confrontation (Alderian) | challenging the client's private logic and behavior. |
| Encouragement (Alderian) | the counselor supporting the client by stating the belief in the client's ability to take responsibility and change behavior. |
| Person centered therapy founder | Rogers |
| Viewed human nature as basically good. | Rogers |
| (person centered) Believed that if given the appropriate environment of acceptance, warmth, and empathy the individual would move toward self actualization. | Rogers |
| the self is a result of a person's life experiences and the person's awareness of comparison to others as the same or different. Theory: | Person-centered therapy |
| The greater the incongruence between the real self and the ideal self, the greater isolated and maladjusted the person became. Theory: | Person-centered therapy |
| I-Thou relationship; unconditional positive regard, empathy, and warmth. Theory: | Person-centered therapy |
| In this theory, the client is facilitated towards realistic self perception, greater confidence and self direction, sense of positive worth, more fully functional | Person-centered therapy |
| Reflection of feelings, concern, clarification of feelings, open-ending questions, phrasing. Theory: | Person-centered therapy |
| Existential counseling founder(s) | May and Frankl |
| Believes that the individual writes their own life stories by the choices they make. Theory: | Existential |
| Anxiety is seen as the motivational force that helps the clients to reach their potential. Anxiety is also seen as the paralyzing force that prevents clients from reaching their full potential. Theory: | Existensial |
| Each client is considered a unique relationship with the counselor focusing on being authentic with the client and entering into a deep personal sharing relationship. Theory: | Existential |
| Counselor models how to be authentic, to realize personal potential, and to make decisions with emphasis on mutuality, wholeness, and growth. | Existential |
| Goal to develop self awareness to promote potential, freedom, and commitment to better life choices. Theory: | Existential |
| Goal to develop an internal frame of reference, as opposed to the outward one | Existential |
| Gestalt Founder | Perls |
| Based on the person feeling whole or complete in their life. Theory: | Gestalt |
| "here-and-now" Theory: | Gestalt |
| Emphasizes intellectual experience. Theory: | Gestalt |
| the use of an awareness continuum. Theory: | Gestalt |
| Make choices based on the 'now', help client resolve the past, assist client in becoming congruent, help client mature intellectually, and help client shed neuroses are goals of what theory? | Gestalt |
| Exercises of frustration actions, fantasy role play, fantasy, and psychodrama are part of what theory? | Gestalt |
| Rational Emotive Therapy founder | Ellis |
| Assumes that the individual has the capacity to be completely rational, irrational, sensible, or crazy. Theory: | Rational Emotive (RET) |
| Cognitions about events or situations can be 4 types: positive, negative, neutral, or mixed. Theory: | Rational Emotive (RET) |
| The primary goal of this theory is to help people live rational and productive lives. | Rational Emotive (RET) |
| ABC principle (RET) | Activating event, belief, consequence |
| Transactional Analysis founder | Berne |
| Believes that people can change despite life's events and it is never too late to change one's life. All decisions can be re-decided. Theory: | Transactional Analysis |
| Structural Analysis (TA) | looks at what is happening within the indivdual; describes each person in terms of 3 ego states: parent ego state, adult ego state, child ego state |
| Transactional Analysis (TA) | looks at what is happening between two or more people |
| Game analysis (TA) | transactions between individuals leading to negative feelings. Three levels: 1sr degree, 2nd degree, and 3rd degree games. |
| Script Analysis (TA) | looks at the life plan an individual has chosen to follow |
| The counselor contracts with the client for the changes that they desire. Theory: | Transactional Analysis |
| The goal of this theory is not only to adjust to life, but to attain health and autonomy. | Transactional Analysis |
| Techniques of this theory include treatment contract, interrogation, specification, explanation, illustration, confirmation, interpretation, and crystallization. | Transactional Analysis |
| Behavioral Theory founder | Skinner |
| All behavior is learned, whether the behavior is adaptive or maladaptive. Theory: | Behavioral Theory |
| Empirical evidence supports use of specific techniques supports usage of techniques. Theory: | Behavioral Theory |
| Requires that the participant be actively involved. Involves rewarding the desired behavior or punishing the undesired behavior. Rewards and reinforcement. (Behavioral) | Operant Conditioning |
| The repeating and improving a behavior until the client accomplishes the behavior that is desired. (Behavioral) | behavioral rehearsal |
| written agreements in which desired behaviors are specifically described, what reinforcers are to be given and under what circumstances the reinforcers will be administered to the client. (behavioral) | contengency contracts |
| Reality Therapy founder | Glasser |
| Humans are self determined. They act on a conscious level. A healthy sense of self is necessary. Behavior-control-perception. What theory? | Reality |
| Developing a practical plan, no punishments, focus on present. (Theory) | Reality |
| Fufill needs realistically and positively. WDEP-want, doing, evaluate, plan. Theory: | Reality |
| Encouragers | gestures, comments, or non-verbal gestures that prompt the client to continue talking. |
| Paraphrase | using the clients words to sort and clarify the client's comments |
| summarizations | used to help client organize their thinking |
| What is Therapeutic Community Model? | Drug free residential settings that use a hierachial model with treatment stages that reflect increased levels of personal and social responsibility. |
| Who is treated under Therapeutic Community Model? | multiple drug addictions, involvement in the criminal justice system, lack of positive social support, and mental health problems. |
| Concentrates on behavior change Concentrates on present behavior as well as prior behavior The client's overt and present maladaptive behaviors are center of attention (Theory) | Behavioral |
| Cognitive treatment differs from Rational Emotive Treatment in its: | emphasis on the therapeutic relationship |
| Dysfunctional Family Roles | Hero-Perfect, no wrong, positive attention, "we are not so bad, because he is so good". has fear of failing. Scapegoat-bad, angry, impulsive-"black sheep" feels like a loser The lost child-most likely to commit suicide. Ignored. Mascot-funny. comic rel |
| In the Gestalt Therapy System, the focus is on: | The client recognizing his own projections and refusing to accept helplessness. |
| Irrational belief system, engaging in new, rewarding behaviors, goal of tx is to install a new belief system. What theory? | Rational-Emotive |
| The purpose of confronting a client is to: | encourage honest self investigation; to promote full use of potentials, to bring awareness about self contradictions. |
| In Gestalt treatment, unexpressed feelings such as resentment, rage, hatred, pain, and anxiety are all examples of: | unfinished business |
| Why are client observation skills necessary in paraphrasing what a client says? | Nonverbal skills are more important than verbal skills. |
| Beck's cognitive treatment assumes that distressing emotions typically result from: | maladaptive thoughts |
| The Rational Emotive Therapeutic system has demonstrated how individuals can change their ___________ by changing the content of their thinking. | Emotions |
| Developmental Theory founder | Erickson |
| According to Developmental Theory, the task to be accomplished in adulthood is: | intimacy versus Isolation |
| In the Gestalt therapeutic system, the process of attending to and observing one's own sensing, thinking, feelings, action, and paying attention to the flowing nature of one's present experience is known as: | Awareness |
| Psychoactive chemical use is a family disease and co-dependency is the disease of all family members. The goal is examine each individual's co-dependence and transform into a support for the user. This is family systems, and from the ___ ____ _____. | Family Disease Model |
| Responding "Tell me more..." is an example of | leading |
| Exhibits genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. What theory? | Person-centered |
| Three principles of Reinforcement Theory: | 1. Consequences which give a reward increase a behavior. 2. Consequences which give punishments decrease a behavior. 3. Consequences which give neither rewards nor punishments extinguish the behavior. |
| In this theory, the goal of therapy is to make the unconscious conscious, to reconstruct the basic personality, to assist and enable a client in reliving earlier experiences and work through repressed conflicts. | Psychoanalytic |
| According to the disease model of alcoholism, the first drink by an alcoholic will lead to: | uncontrolled drinking |
| The core of the healthy family structure is setting appropriate boundaries and providing each member with a feeling of attachment. (Family Systems) | Structural Family Therapy |
| The core of Psychoanalytic Theory is: | the struggle between the life and death instincts |
| People are influenced by their environments, but they also influence their environments. People both influence and are influenced by their behavior and our behavior can alter our environment.(Social Learning) This is: | Reciprocal Determinism |
| "Children learn by observing". Observational learning can influence alcohol and drug use. Self Regulation. These are parts of ___________ learning. | Social |
| Transference is from what theory? | Psychoanalysis |
| What theory would you describe if, as a group leader, you spend the majority of your time creating experiences for group members to work on unresolved conflicts? | Gestalt |
| Sometimes referred to as behavior modification. Sometimes referred to as social learning. The emphasis is on the pt modifying his or her learned behaviors that negatively affect their lives. What theory? | Behavioral |
| RET explores: | irrational beliefs |
| The 3 phases of Psychodrama consists of: | warmup, action, and discussion phases |
| Developmental Theory Stages of Development | Sensorimotor stage-Infancy Pre-Operational Stage-toddler and early childhood Concrete Operational Stage-Elementary and Early Adolescence Formal Operational Stage-adolescence and adulthood |
| Many psychoeducatonal groups are based on a __________ ________ model and use behavioral procedures. | Learning Theory |
| This orientation believes that the group leader should teach skills for positive social living and provide an environment in which a client can truly change. (theory) | Adlerian |
| Games in TA are best defined as: | An ongoing series of transactions between 2 or more people. |
| Transactional Analysis definition: | A system of popular psychology based on the idea that one's behavior and social relationships reflect an interchange between parental, adult, and childlike aspects of personality established early in life. |
| What theory describes the therapist as 'committed'? | Alderian |
| Main principals of TA | People are ok, everyone can think, people decide their own destiny and these decisions can be changed. Involves the contractual method, open communication Vocab: transactions, life scripts, games |
| Some specific techniques of Adlerian: | attending, encouragement, confrontation, paradoxal intention, summarizing, interpretation of the family constellation and early recollections, suggestion, and homework assignments. |
| Role playing, behavior modification, self monitoring, scheduling of activities, and behavior contracts are techniques of what theory? | Behavioral |
| Glasser's reality therapy focuses on: | Identification |
| Hierarchy working towards self acutalization | Maslow Hierarchy of needs |
| What areas can person centered treatment be used? | individual treatment, group counseling, student-centered teaching and learning, parent/child relations and human relations training. |
| One of RET's basic assumptions is that emotional disturbances are rooted in childhood. People keep telling themselves __________ and _____________ sentences. | irrational and illogical |
| Marlatt's theory if substance abuse holds that: | substance use is "over learned" in that it is maintained by itself, multiple cognitive mediators, and external reinforcers. |
| What theoretical approach to counseling seeks to symbolically reenact the family of origin, providing the ability to repeat their historical past in the group's presence. Some times called the regressive-reconstructive approach. | Psychoanalytic group therapy |
| Strengthening desirable responses | Reinforcement Theory (Skinner) |
| Experience feelings intensely with focus on here and now, work through whatever impasse presents, paying close attention to their own non-verbal messages. What theory? | Gestalt |
| Genetic Theory of Alcoholism (Jellinek) | A genetic predisposition to alcoholism. Sons most often inherit the risk of alcoholism. Families with an alcoholic member have a higher number of offspring who develop alcoholism than families who do not have an alcoholic member.More research needed. |
| According to RET, we develop emotional disturbances because of: | Blame |
| Pt's ability to control his or her destiny by setting goals and exhibiting good behavior to reach goals. Theory: | Adlerian |
| What is learned can be unlearned. Theory? | Behavioral |
| Helps client identify and correct mistaken goals and faulty assumptions. Helps clients overcome feelings of discouragement. Theory? | Adlerian |
| One of the main principles of RET is: | Events do not disturb people, but rather the view they take of the event. |
| Gestalt Therapy techniques: | Chair technique, exaggeration, guided fantasy, counselor disclosure, body awareness |
| In reality therapy, what is the central question? | Is what you are choosing to do getting you what you want? |
| A model of behavioral therapy where a particular response to a stimulus can be elicited over time by association with a related stimulus. | Classical conditioning |
| In Freudian Psychoanalysis, resistance means: | The individual's reluctance to bring into conscious awareness repressed or denied material. |
| What is therapist congruence? | Client centered therapy (Rogers), genuineness-authentic, most important attribute in counseling. |
| Who is responsible for discovering the inferiority complex? | Adler |
| The Transactional Analysis therapeutic system ________________ the chance of dependence on the addiction professional. | decreases |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, esteem, self actualization |
| The composition of a Therapeutic Contract is a large part of: (theory) | Transactional Analysis |
| In the Transactional Analysis therapeutic system, a parental message telling children what they have to do and be in order to get recognition is known as: | an injunction |
| Motivational Enhancement Therapy founders | Prochaska and DiClemente |
| According to Perls, a concept related to Unfinished Business is: | avoidance |
| A key element is to bring any concerns from the past to the forefront and experience them head on. What Theory? | Gestalt |
| Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) | Used when client's internal motivation is the driving force for changing. Attempts to deemphasize labels, counselor maintains a supportive role, counselor's own motivation guides the change, FRAMES |
| Behavioral Therapy Application to Addiction | Contengency Management-rewards given for periods of abstinence. Community Reinforcement-vocation, family ties, recreational activities reinforce healthy behaviors. Assertion training-learns skills necessary to resist negative influence. Aversion Therapy. |
| Psychoanalytical Therapy application to addiction field | beneficial to the pt who chronically relapses or has deep seated personality disturbances. Can help identify the conflict inside a person leading to psychoactive chemical abuse. |
| Ellis created this model in 1955. It has strong influences from humanistic, philosophical, and behavior theories. From this approach came CBT. | Rational-Emotive |
| Unconscious mind stores painful memories. Human behavior is influenced by inner, unconscious drives. Due to war between the id and superego, person develops defense mechanisms. Goal to reinstate ego as director. Theory? | Psychoanalytical |
| Family Systems Counseling approach: Dynamic Family Therapy | This is used when a family member who is abusing chemicals might influence another member of the family and they develop a disturbed or neurotic personality. |
| Stage Theory of Addiction Model (TEMA) | Treatment Initiation, early abstinence, maintenance of abstinence, advanced recovery. |
| What part of the total self does Johari's "blind" window open? | The other self |
| Family Systems Counseling Approach: Experimental/Humanistic Family Therapy | The goal is on the present and to provide the psychoactive chemical dependant with an environment to use his/her own self determination to aquire self awareness. |
| Reality Therapy Definition | method of counseling that stems from the belief that it is not the real world that affects misbehavior, but the way he/she perceives it to exist. A person's behavior is merely a way to control one's perceptions of the external world. |
| Reality Therapy Main Principles: | Central Idea: it is not important how the external world exists, but how a person chooses to perceive it./Is what you are doing getting you what you want? People wish to be free and in control of their life. Doing, thinking, feeling, physiology. |
| Definition of MET | MET is a non-authoritarian method of counseling that uses the internal motivation of the pt to evoke and sustain rapid change. |
| Main concepts of reality therapy | existence of basic human needs for survival, power, freedom, and fun. |
| All behavior is a person's perception of the world. Theory? | Reality |
| Components of a therapeutic community: | participant roles, membership feedback, membership as role models, collective format for guiding individual change, shared norms& values, structure and systems, open comm, relationships |
| When anxiety pervades the family, the tendency towards togetherness is most observable (family enmeshment). What theory? | Family Systems theory |
| Cornerstones of Family Systems Theory: | Differation of self, the triangle, nuclear family emotional process, multigenerational transmission process, emotional cutoffs |
| Main goal of Family Systems Theory: | Differation of self for all family members. |
| Structural Family Therapy subsystems: | parent, sibling, sibling/parent |
| Human beings have 2 basic needs: to love and be loved by others; to feel worthwhile to self and others. Theory? | Reality |
| What theory de-emphasizes diagnosis and the medical model? | Reality |
| Humans with emotional problems often have faulty thinking as a result of having inadequate or incorrect information. Theory? | Cognitive |
| Insight oriented therapy (theory) | Adlerian |
| In what theory is it considered that an individual is greatly influenced in the first 6 years of life? | Adlerian |
| Adlerian 5 life tasks: | relating to others, making contributions, achieving intimacy, getting along with ourselves, developing spiritual dimension |
| Client sees that they are unrestricted, and become aware of possibilities. Theory? | Existensial |
| "stay where the client is". Theory? | person-centered therapy |
| Alcoholism is thought to be an ineffective and destructive attempt at resolving conflict from the oral period. Theory? | Psychoanalytic |
| Based on the notion that everyone is striving toward superiority and perfection. Individualized perfection = fictional finalism, imagined central control. Theory? | Adlerian |
| Founder(s) of Solution Based Therapy | de Shazer and Inso Kim Berg |
| Existensial therapy is best described as a _________ by which the therapist operates. | philosophy |
| Reality treatment emphasizes _______ _________ rather than what the client is feeling or thinking | current behavior |
| CBT | Developed by Beck. Has become the most scientifcally proven and most recommended type of psychotherapy for depression, anxiety disorders, and chemical use problems. |
| The term analytical psychology is associated with: | Jung |
| Solutions Focused Therapy Defintion: | method of counseling that concentrates not on the individual with the problem, but on the solution to the problem itself. |
| Mahler's objects-realtions approach begins with a state of psychological fusion between what 2 persons? | mother/child |
| Solutions Focused Therapy: | does not emphasize deficits or disabilities that led to the problem. Pt is showered with optimism, not berated for past mistakes. |
| Gestalt therapy has the process of ________, where a counselor will assist with pt in seeing, hearing, touching, and experiencing his or her past | contact |
| Bowenian Family Therapy: Family System Approach | A multi generational transmission of problems that need to be addressed as a family unit. |
| CBT skills groups | contengency contract, modeling, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, homework, feedback, reinforcement, problem solving, and the buddy system |
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