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PSY 420 - Ch. 1
Introduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A technology of behavior in which basic principles of behavior are applied to solving real-world issues. | Applied behavior analysis |
| Any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured. | Behavior |
| AKA Experimental analysis of behavior. The behavioral science that grew out of Skinner's philospohy of radical behaviorism. | Behavior analysis |
| A natural science approach to psychology that traditionally focuses on the study of enviornmental influences on observal behavior. | Behaviorism |
| A philopsophical school of thought which maintains that almost all knowledge is a function of experience. | British empiricism |
| A brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesiszed cognitive processes, to help explain behavior. Sometimes called "purposive behaviorism." | Cognitive behaviorism |
| The mental representation of one's spatial surroundings | Cognitive map |
| The deliberate manipulation of enviornmental events to alter their impact on our behavior. | Countercontrol |
| In psychology, the assumption that behavior patterns are mostly learned rather than inherited. Also known as the nurture perspective (or, on rare ocasion, as nurtursim) | Empiricism |
| An inherited trait (physical or behavioral) that has been shaped through natural selection. | Evolutionary adaption |
| An approach to psychology which proposes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us, and that the focus of psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes. | Functionalism |
| The attempt to accurately describe one's conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences. | Introspection |
| Learning that occurs in the absense of any observable indication of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions. | Latent learning |
| A law of association, according to which events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated with each other. | Law of contiguity |
| A law of association, according to which events that are opposite for each other are readil associated with each other. | Law of contrast |
| A law of association, according to which the more frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they are associated with each other. | Law of frequency |
| The assumption that simpler explanation for a phenomenon are generally preferable to more complex explantion. | Law of parsimony |
| A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience. | Learning |
| A brand of behaviorism which asserts that, for methodological reasons, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be directly observed. | Methodological behaviorism |
| Descartes' philosophical assumption that some human behaviors are bodily reflexes that are autmatically elicited by external stimulation, while other behaviors are freely chosen and controlled by the mind. | Mind-body dualism |
| The assumption that a person's characteristics are largely inborn. Also known as the nurture perspective. | Nativism |
| The evolutionary principle according to which organismsthat are better able to adapt to enviornmental pressure are more likely to reproduce and pass along those adaptive characteristics than those that cannot adapt. | Natural selection |
| A brand of behaviorsim that utlizes intervening variables in the form of hypothesized phisiological processes, to help explain behavior. | Neobehaviorism |
| A brand of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence of the enviornement on overt behavior, rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior, and views thoughts and feelings as behaviors that themselves need to be explained. | Radical behaviorsm |
| The assumption that enviornmental events observable behavior, and "person variables" (including internal thoughts and feelings) reciprocally influence each other. | Reciprocal determinism |
| A brand of behaviorism that strongly emphasizes the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behavior. It has more recently been referred to as "social-cognitive theory." | Social learning theory |
| The theroy that learning involves the extablishment of a connection between a specific stimulus (S) abd a specific response (R). | S-R Theory |
| An approach to psychology which assumes that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements that compose it. | Structuralism |
| A law of association, according to which events that are similar to eqach other are readily associated with each other. | Law of similarity |
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