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Group Dynamics
Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Power | The capacity to influence others, even when these others try to resist influence |
| Power Bases | Sources of social power in a group. Reward, Coercive, Legitimate, Informational, Expert, Referent |
| Reward Power | Power based on ability to distribute rewards (tangible and intangible) |
| Coercive Power | Power based on ability to punish or threaten |
| Legitimate Power | Power based on one's position. The position must come with the sanction to request/demand compliance. |
| Referent Power | Power based on liking |
| Charisma | The ascription of extraordinary or supernatural acumen, ability, and value to a leader by his or her followers. |
| Expert Power | Power based on superior skills and abilities (fancied or real) |
| Informational Power | Power based on the information at one's disposal. |
| Power Tactics | Specific strategies used to influence others, usually to gain a particular objective or advantage |
| Types of Tactics | Hard vs. Soft, Rational vs. Nonrational, Unilateral vs. Bilateral |
| Hard Tactic | Coercive use of force, manipulation of rewards, corporeal punishment, bullying, etc. |
| Soft Tactics | Using interpersonal and indirect methods of influence (exclusion, etc.) |
| Rational Tactic | Incorporates logic and reason (bargaining, persuasion) |
| Nonrational Tactic | Involves emotionality and misinformation (ingratiation, evasion) |
| Unilateral Tactic | One sided tactics (e.g. evasion) that do not require two parties |
| Bilateral Tactic | Involve two parties (e.g. negotiation) |
| Compliance Tactics | Subtle, indirect, and difficult to detect techniques used to influence another person, usually without his or her awareness |
| Foot-in-the-door Technique | Starting with a small request and leading up to a bigger request. |
| Pecking Order | A stable, ordered pattern of individual variations in prestige, status, and authority among group members. |
| Social Dominance Orientation | A preference for hierarchical social structures and circumstances that sustain social inequalities |
| Expectation-States Theory | An explanation of status differences in groups which assumes that group members allocate status to group members judged to be competent at the task at hand and to group members who have qualities that the members think are indicators of competence |
| Specific Status Characteristics | Characteristics of a person used to assign status that are relevant to the task or role at hand. |
| Diffuse Status Characteristics | Characteristics used to assign status that are not relevant to the task or role at hand. |
| Status Generalization | Ascribing status to someone because they have high status in another context, even if that context is irrelevant to the current one |
| Solo Status | State of holding a social category in an otherwise homogenous group (Man in an all-women group) |
| Iron Law of Oligarchy | Those who attain power act to protect and promote their power |
| Interpersonal Complimentarity Hypothesis | Tendency for behaviors to evoke congruous behaviors (positive-to-positive; dominant-to-submissive) |
| Approach/Inhibition Theory | Power increases approach tendencies (action, self-promotion) and lack of power increases inhibition (avoidance, reaction, less motivation) |
| Positive Effects of Power | More proactive, more positive emotion, resilient goal striving, higher self-regulation, higher cognitive function, buffers conformity |
| Negative Effects of Power | Riskier, more inappropriate action, generate negative emotion in subordinates, less compassion, coercion, ethical lapses, Bathsheba Syndrome |
| Revolutionary Coalition | A subgroup formed within the larger group that seeks to disrupt or change the group's authority structure |
| Kelman's CII Theory of Conversion | Compliance, Identification, Internalization |
| Agentic State | Psychological state with markedly lower autonomy and inability to resist authorities' orders |
| Lucifer Effect | Power of negative social situations to corrupt good individuals |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | Pointing to the personalities of individuals, rather than group processes, to explain behavior |
| Minority Influence | Social pressure exerted by an individual or smaller faction of a group |
| Anticonformist | Expression a difference of opinion publicly while agreeing privately for the purpose of testing the group standards, thoughts. |
| Balance Theory | Certain relationship arrangements are more stable for groups, so groups tend toward these arrangements. |
| BIRGing | Basking in Reflected Glory. Tendency to increase affiliative behaviors (jersey wearing) when a group one identifies with is successful |
| CORFing | Cutting off Reflected Failure. Distancing one's self from a failing group as to not be identified with them. |
| Black Sheep Effect | Tendency for ingroup members to be treated more harshly for an action than an outgroup member would be treated for the same action |
| Centralized Communication | Has a hub, an individual through which most information flows. More productive until tasks become complex |
| Decentralized Communication | Communication is more even, no hub, and is more productive/efficient in completing more complex tasks |
| CL-alt | Comparison level for alternatives. Used to evaluate if one will join or leave a group. Used to evaluate other groups that one may join. |
| Cognitive Dissonance | Aversive state in which a person holds two conflicting cognitions |
| Types of Cohesion | Social, Task, Emotional, Collective, Structural |
| Tuckman's 5-Stage Model | Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning |
| Collective Efficacy | Shared belief that the group can achieve its goals |
| Collective Self-Esteem | Portion of a person's self concept based on his/her relationship with others |
| Collectivist | Group goals more important than individual goals. "we,us vs. them,they". |
| Individualist | Individual interests are above group interests |
| Conformity Moderators | Group size (3+), unanimity, cohesion, commitment, task importance, relative status in group |
| Esprit de Corps | Unity and enthusiasm within a group |
| Founding Fathers Group Dynamics | Kurt Lewin (B=pe), Floyd Allport(Social Psychology), Muzafer Sherif (robber's cave), Gustave LeBon (The Crowd) |
| Forsyth's Functions | Belonging, Intimacy, Generativity, Support, Influence, Exploration |
| Hawthorne Effect | Tendency for people's actions to change when they know they are being observed |
| Ingroup Bias | Treating the members of one's group or the products of one's group more favorably than those of outgroups |
| Interdependence | Mutual dependence in which one's thoughts, actions, beliefs are influenced by others |
| Interrole Conflict | Tension arising from responsibilities in two different roles (coach vs. dad) |
| Intrarole Conflict | Tension arising from responsibilities within the same role |
| IPA | Robert Bales. 12 things: 6 task (3+/3-), 6 relational (3+/3-) |
| SYMLOG | Systematic Multilevel Observation of Groups. 26 things: Dominance vs. Submissiveness. Friendliness vs. Nonfriendliness. Acceptance vs. nonacceptance of authorities |
| Minimax Principle | Newcomb. States that people will attempt to maximize rewards and minimize costs |
| Minority Influence Factors | Single minority, get key defection, confident, consistent, high status, logical argument, acknowledge other side |
| Norm Types | Descriptive, Injunctive, Prescriptive, Proscriptive |
| Social Comparison. | Can be upward or downward. Used to reach clarity in ambiguous, confusing situations |
| Sociometric Differentiation | Strengthening of some ties and weakening of others in a group |
| Sociometer Theory | Self esteem is a gauge for people to evaluate their level of belongingness in a group |
| Sociogram | Graphic representation of relationships in a group |
| Sociometry | A method of measuring and graphing relationships in groups |
Created by:
denoiami
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