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Bontrager 4 & 5

Upper Extremities Finger - Shoulder

Question	Answer
How many bones does a hand have?	The 27 bones on each hand and wrist are divided into the following three groups: Total 27 Phalanges (fingers and thumb) 14 Metacarpals (palm) 5 Carpals (wrist) 8
Name the proximal row of carpals:	(1) Scaphoid (2) Lunate (3) Triquetrum (4) Pisiform
Name the distal row of the carpals:	(1) Trapezium (2) Trapezoid (3) Capitate (4) Hamate
A good criterion by which to evaluate a true lateral position of the elbow when it is flexed 90° is the appearance of the three concentric arcs. What are they?	1 & smallest arc is the trochlear sulcus. 2nd & intermediate arc appears double-lined as the outer ridges or rounded edges of the capitulum and trochlea. The trochlear notch of the ulna appears as a 3rd arc of a true lateral elbow.
Ulnar deviation - why is it used?	The ulnar deviation movement of the wrist “opens up” and best demonstrates the carpals on the opposite side (the radial or lateral side) of the wrist— the scaphoid, trapezium, and trapezoid. Because the scaphoid is the most frequently fx carpal bone...
Radial deviation - why is it used?	A less frequent PA wrist projection involves the radial deviation movement that opens and best demonstrates the carpals on the opposite, or ulnar, side of the wrist—the hamate, pisiform, triquetrum, and lunate.
AP projections of the elbow a lateral rotation:	separates the radius and ulna
AP projections of the elbow a medial rotation	superimposes the radius and ulna
The height of the tabletop should be:	near shoulder height so that the arm can be fully supported
The principal exposure factors for radiography of the upper limbs are as follows:	Lower to medium kV (55 to 80—digital) Short exposure time Small focal spot Adequate mAs for sufficient density (brightness)
CAST CONVERSiON Small to medium plaster cast	Increase 5 kV to 7 kV
CAST CONVERSiON Large plaster cast	Increase 8 kV to 10 kV
CAST CONVERSiON Fiberglass cast	Increase 3 kV to 4 kV
PA PROJECTION: FINGERS Minimum SID — IR size — kV range -	Minimum SID— 40 inches (102 cm) IR size— 18 × 24 cm (8 × 10 inches), crosswise (multiple exposures) or lengthwise (single exposure) Digital systems—55 to 60 kV range
PA PROJECTION: FINGERS Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with elbow flexed about 90° and with hand and forearm resting on the table.
PA PROJECTION: FINGERS Part Position	Pronate hand with fingers extended. Center and align long axis of affected finger with long axis of IR. Separate adjoining fingers from affected finger.
PA PROJECTION: FINGERS CR	at the PIP joint
PA PROJECTION: FINGERS Anatomy Demonstrated	Distal, middle, and proximal phalanges; distal metacarpal; and associated joints.
PA PROJECTION: FINGERS how can you tell if there is no rotation in a pa finger projection?	No rotation of fingers is evidenced by symmetric appearance of both sides or concavities of the shafts of the phalanges and distal metacarpals.
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL OR LATERAL ROTATION: FINGERS Minimum SID — IR size — kV range -	Minimum SID— 40 inches (102 cm) IR size— 18 × 24 cm (8 × 10 inches), crosswise (multiple exposures) or lengthwise (single exposure) Digital systems—55 to 60 kV range
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL OR LATERAL ROTATION: FINGERS Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with elbow flexed about 90° with hand and wrist resting on IR and fingers extended.
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL OR LATERAL ROTATION: FINGERS Part Position	Fingers extended against 45° foam wedge, place hand in a 45° lateral oblique(thumb side up) or put hand on cassette so that the long axis of the finger is aligned with the long axis of the IR. in a 45°oblique and parallel to iR.
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL OR LATERAL ROTATION: FINGERS CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to pip joint
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL OR LATERAL ROTATION: FINGERS Anatomy Demonstrated	45° oblique view of distal, middle, and proximal phalanges; distal metacarpal; and associated joints.
LATERAL PROJECTIONS: FINGERS Minimum SID — IR size — kV range -	Minimum SID— 40 inches (102 cm) IR size— 18 × 24 cm (8 × 10 inches), crosswise (multiple exposures) or lengthwise (single exposure) Digital systems—55 to 60 kV range
LATERAL PROJECTIONS: FINGERS Part Position	Place hand in lateral position (thumb side up) with finger to be examined fully extended and centered to portion of IR being
LATERAL PROJECTIONS: FINGERS CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to pip joint
LATERAL PROJECTIONS: FINGERS Anatomy Demonstrated	Lateral views of distal, middle, and proximal phalanges; distal metacarpal; and associated joints are visible.
AP PROJECTION: THUMB Minimum SID — IR size — KV kV range -	Minimum SID— 40 inches (102 cm) IR size— 18 × 24 cm (8 × 10 inches), crosswise (multiple exposures) or lengthwise (single exposure) Digital systems—55 to 60 kV range
AP PROJECTION: THUMB Patient Position	Seat patient facing table, arms extended in front, with hand rotated internally to supinate thumb for AP projection
AP PROJECTION: THUMB Part Position	Demonstrate this awkward position on yourself, so the patient can see how it is done & better understand what is expected. Internally rotate hand with fingers extended until posterior surface of thumb is in contact with IR.
AP PROJECTION: THUMB CR	Center first MCp joint to CR and to center of IR. Immobilize other fingers with tape to isolate thumb if necessary.
AP PROJECTION: THUMB Anatomy Demonstrated	Distal and proximal phalanges, first metacarpal, trapezium, and associated joints are visible. • Interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints should appear open.
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL ROTATION: THUMB Minimum SID — IR size — KV -	Minimum SID— 40 inches (102 cm) IR size— 18 × 24 cm (8 × 10 inches), crosswise (multiple exposures) or lengthwise (single exposure) Digital systems—55 to 60 kV range
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL ROTATION: THUMB Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with elbow flexed about 90° with hand resting on IR.
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL ROTATION: THUMB Part Position	Abduct thumb slightly with palmar surface of hand in contact with IR. (This action naturally places thumb in a 45° oblique position.)
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL ROTATION: THUMB CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to first MCp joint
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL ROTATION: THUMB Anatomy Demonstrated	Distal and proximal phalanges, first metacarpal, trapezium, and associated joints are visualized in a 45° oblique position
LATERAL POSITION: THUMB Minimum SID — IR size — KV -	Minimum SID— 40 inches (102 cm) IR size— 18 × 24 cm (8 × 10 inches), crosswise (multiple exposures) or lengthwise (single exposure) Digital systems—55 to 60 kV range
LATERAL POSITION: THUMB Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with elbow flexed about 90° with hand resting on IR.
LATERAL POSITION: THUMB Part Position	Start with hand pronated and thumb abducted, with fingers and hand slightly arched; then rotate hand slightly medial until thumb is in true lateral position. (You may need to provide a sponge or other support under lateral portion of hand.)
LATERAL POSITION: THUMB CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to first MCp joint
LATERAL POSITION: THUMB Anatomy Demonstrated	Distal and proximal phalanges, first metacarpal, trapezium (superimposed), and associated joints are visualized in the lateral position.
AP AXIAL PROJECTION (MODIFIED ROBERT’S METHOD)*: THUMB	Base of first metacarpal is demonstrated for ruling out bennett’s fX - CR directed 15° proximally(toward wrist)entering at the first CMC joint. trapezium should be well visualized.
PA PROJECTION: HAND Minimum SID — IR size — KV - SAME ON PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION: HAND	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm) • IR size—24 × 30 cm (10 × 12 inches),lengthwise 55 to 60 kV range
PA PROJECTION: HAND Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with elbow flexed about 90° with hand resting on IR.
PA PROJECTION: HAND Part Position	Pronate hand with palmar surface in contact with IR; spread fingers slightly. •Align long axis of hand and forearm with long axis of IR. •Center hand and wrist to IR.
PA PROJECTION: HAND CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to third MCp joint
PA PROJECTION: HAND Anatomy Demonstrated	PA projection of entire hand and wrist and about 2.5 cm (1 inch) of distal forearm are visible. • PA projection of hand demonstrates oblique view of the thumb.
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION: HAND Part Position	Pronate hand on IR; center and align long axis of hand with long axis of IR. • Rotate entire hand and wrist laterally 45° and support with radiolucent wedge or step block, as shown, so that all digits are separated and parallel to iR
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION: HAND CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to third MCp joint
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION: HAND Anatomy Demonstrated	Oblique projection of the entire hand and wrist and about 2.4 cm (1 inch) of distal forearm are visible.
“FAN” LATERAL—LATEROMEDIAL PROJECTION: HAND Minimum SID — IR size — KV -	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm) • IR size—24 × 30 cm (10 × 12 inches),lengthwise 65 to 70 kV range
“FAN” LATERAL—LATEROMEDIAL PROJECTION: HAND Part Position	Rotate into lateral position with thumb side up. Spread fingers and thumb into a fan Position, &support each digit on Radiolucent block.Ensure that ALL are separated and parallel to iR and that the mCs are not rotated but remain in a true lateralposition.
“FAN” LATERAL—LATEROMEDIAL PROJECTION: HAND CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to second MCp joint
“FAN” LATERAL—LATEROMEDIAL PROJECTION: HAND Anatomy Demonstrated	Entire hand and wrist and about 2.5 cm (1 inch) of distal forearm are visible.
PA PROJECTION: WRIST Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm) • IR size—24 × 30 cm (10 × 12 inches),lengthwise 65 TO 70 kV range
PA PROJECTION: WRIST Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table with elbow flexed about 90° and hand and wrist resting on IR, palm down. Drop shoulder so that shoulder, elbow, and wrist are on same horizontal plane
PA PROJECTION: WRIST Part Position	Align and center long axis of hand and wrist to IR, with carpal area centered to CR. • With hand pronated, arch hand slightly to place wrist and carpal area in close contact with iR.
PA PROJECTION: WRIST CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to midcarpal area
PA PROJECTION: WRIST Anatomy Demonstrated	Midmetacarpals and proximal metacarpals; carpals; distal radius, ulna, and joints; and soft tissues of the wrist joint, such as fat pads and fat stripes, are visible
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION: WRIST Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm) • IR size—24 × 30 cm (10 × 12 inches),lengthwise 65 TO 70 kV range
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION: WRIST Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with elbow flexed about 90° and hand and wrist resting on IR, palm down.
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION: WRIST Part Position	Center to IR. From pronated position, rotate wrist and hand laterally 45°. For stability, place a 45° block under thumb side of hand to support hand and wrist in a 45° oblique position or partially flex fingers to arch hand so that tips rest lightly on IR
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION: WRIST CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to midcarpal area
PA OBLIQUE PROJECTION: WRIST Anatomy Demonstrated	Distal radius, ulna, carpals, and at least to midmetacarpal area are visible. • Trapezium and scaphoid should be well visualized, with only slight superimposition of other carpals on their medial aspects.
LATERAL PROJECTION: WRIST Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm) • IR size—24 × 30 cm (10 × 12 inches),lengthwise 65 TO 70 kV range
LATERAL PROJECTION: WRIST Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with arm and forearm resting on the table and elbow flexed about 90°. Place wrist and hand on IR in thumb-up lateral position. Shoulder, elbow, and wrist should be on same horizontal plane.
LATERAL PROJECTION: WRIST Part Position	Adjust hand and wrist into a true lateral position, with fingers comfortably flexed; if support is needed to prevent motion, use a radiolucent support block and sandbag, and place block against extended hand and fingers
LATERAL PROJECTION: WRIST CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to midcarpal area
LATERAL PROJECTION: WRIST Anatomy Demonstrated	Distal radius and ulna, carpals, and at least the midmetacarpal area are visible.
PA AND PA AXIAL SCAPHOID—WITH ULNAR DEVIATION: WRIST CR	Angle CR 10° to 15° proximally, along long axis of forearm and toward elbow. (CR angle should be perpendicular to long axis of scaphoid.) • Center CR to scaphoid. (Locate scaphoid at a point 2 cm [34 inch] distal and medial to radial styloid process.)
CARPAL CANAL (TUNNEL)—TANGENTIAL, INFEROSUPERIOR PROJECTION: WRIST CR	Angle CR 25° to 30° to the long axis of the hand. (The total CR angle in relationship to the IR must be increased if patient cannot hyperextend wrist as far as indicated.) •Direct CR to a point 1inch distal to the base of third metacarpal
AP PROJECTION: FOREARM Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm) IR size—30 × 35 cm (11 × 14 inches), for smaller patients; 35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 in), for long forearms, lengthwise 70-75 KV
AP PROJECTION: FOREARM Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with hand and arm fully extended and palm up (supinated).
AP PROJECTION: FOREARM Part Position	Drop shoulder to place entire upper limb on same horizontal plane. Place entire wrist, forearm, and elbow in as near a true frontal position as possible. Epicondyles same distance from IR.
AP PROJECTION: FOREARM CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-forearm
AP PROJECTION: FOREARM Anatomy Demonstrated	AP projection of the entire radius and ulna is shown, with a minimum of proximal row carpals and distal humerus and pertinent soft tissues, such as fat pads and stripes of the wrist and elbow joints.
LATERAL PROJECTION: FOREARM Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm) IR size—30 × 35 cm (11 × 14 inches), for smaller patients; 35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 in), for long forearms, lengthwise 70-75 KV
LATERAL PROJECTION: FOREARM Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with elbow flexed 90°
LATERAL PROJECTION: FOREARM Part Position	Drop shoulder to place entire upper limb on same horizontal plane. Rotate hand and wrist into true lateral position, and support hand to prevent motion, if needed. (Ensure that distal radius and ulna are superimposed directly)
LATERAL PROJECTION: FOREARM CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-forearm
LATERAL PROJECTION: FOREARM Anatomy Demonstrated	Lateral projection of entire radius and ulna, proximal row of carpal bones, elbow, and distal end of the humerus are visible as well as pertinent soft tissue, such as fat pads and stripes of the wrist and elbow joints.
AP PROJECTION: ELBOW Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm) IR size—24 × 30 cm (10 × 12 inches) —70 to 75 kV range
AP PROJECTION: ELBOW Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with elbow fully extended, if possible.
AP PROJECTION: ELBOW Part Position	Extend elbow, supinate hand, and align arm and forearm with long axis of IR. Center elbow joint to center of IR. • Ask patient to lean laterally as necessary for true Ap projection. (Palpate humeral epicondyles to ensure that they are parallel to IR.)
AP PROJECTION: ELBOW CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-elbow joint, which is approximately 2 cm (3/4 inch) distal to midpoint of a line between epicondyles
AP PROJECTION: ELBOW Anatomy Demonstrated	Distal humerus, elbow joint space, and proximal radius and ulna are visible.
AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION—LATERAL (EXTERNAL) ROTATION: ELBOW Best visualizes?	Lateral (external rotation) oblique Best visualizes radial head and neck of the radius and capitulum of humerus (supinated hand)
AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION—MEDIAL (INTERNAL) ROTATION: ELBOW Best visualizes?	Medial (internal rotation) oblique Best visualizes coronoid process of ulna and trochlea in profile (pronated hand)
LATERAL PROJECTION: ELBOW Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm) IR size—24 × 30 cm (10 × 12 inches) —70 to 75 kV range
LATERAL PROJECTION: ELBOW Patient Position	Seat patient at end of table, with elbow flexed 90°
LATERAL PROJECTION: ELBOW Part Position	Center elbow joint to CR and to center of IR. Drop shoulder so that humerus and forearm are on same horizontal plane. Rotate hand and wrist into true lateral position, thumb side up.
LATERAL PROJECTION: ELBOW CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-elbow joint (a point approximately 4 cm [1-1/2 inches] medial to easily palpated posterior surface of olecranon process)
LATERAL PROJECTION: ELBOW Anatomy Demonstrated	Lateral projection of distal humerus and proximal forearm, olecranon process, and soft tissues and fat pads of the elbow joint are visibl
Located anteriorly on proximal humerus in a true AP projection.	lesser tubercle
Located laterally on proximal humerus in a true AP projection.	greater tubercle
The expanded distal end of the spine of the scapula that extends superiorly and posteriorly to the glenoid cavity (fossa).	acromion
This rotation position represents a true aP projection of the humerus in the anatomic position	External rotation
In this rotation position, the epicondyles of the distal humerus are perpendicular to the iR, placing the humerus in a true lateral position. The hand must be pronated and the elbow adjusted to place the epicondyles perpendicular to the iR	Internal rotation
AP PROJECTION: HUMERUS Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches IR size—lengthwise (large enough to include entire humerus) For larger patient, 14 × 17 inches) may be needed to place cassette diagonally to include both joints •For smaller patient, 11 × 14 inches) - 75-85 KV
AP PROJECTION: HUMERUS Patient Position	Position patient erect or supine. Adjust the height of the cassette so that shoulder and elbow joints are equidistant from ends of IR
AP PROJECTION: HUMERUS Part Position	Rotate body toward affected side as needed to bring shoulder and proximal humerus in contact with cassette. Abduct arm slightly and gently supinate hand so that epicondyles of elbow are parallel and equidistant from IR.
AP PROJECTION: HUMERUS CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to midpoint of humerus
AP PROJECTION: HUMERUS Anatomy Demonstrated	AP projection shows the entire humerus, including the shoulder and elbow joints
TRANSTHORACIC LATERAL PROJECTION: HUMERUS Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm) • IR size—35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 inches),lengthwise 80-90 KV
TRANSTHORACIC LATERAL PROJECTION: HUMERUS Patient Position	Place patient in an erect or supine position. Place patient in lateral position with side of interest closest to IR. With patient supine, place portable grid lines horizontally and center CR to centerline to prevent grid cutoff
TRANSTHORACIC LATERAL PROJECTION: HUMERUS Part Position	Place affected arm in neutral rotation; drop shoulder if possible. Raise opposite arm and place hand over top of head; elevate shoulder as much as possible to prevent superimposition of affected shoulder. Ensure that thorax is in a true lateral position
TRANSTHORACIC LATERAL PROJECTION: HUMERUS CR	Center mid-diaphysis of affected humerus and center of IR to CR as projected through thorax. CR perpendicular to IR, directed through thorax to mid-diaphysis
TRANSTHORACIC LATERAL PROJECTION: HUMERUS Anatomy Demonstrated	Lateral view of entire humerus and glenohumeral joint should be visualized through the thorax without superimposition of the opposite humerus.
AP PROJECTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION: SHOULDER Minimum SID — IR size — KV SAME AP PROJECTION—INTERNAL ROTATION: SHOULDER	•Minimum SID—40 inches IR size— 10 × 12 inches, crosswise 78-85 KV
AP PROJECTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION: SHOULDER Patient Position SAME - AP PROJECTION—INTERNAL ROTATION: SHOULDER	Perform radiograph with the patient in an erect or supine position. (The erect position is usually less painful for patient, if condition allows.) Rotate body slightly toward affected side if necessary to place shoulder in contact with IR or tabletop
AP PROJECTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION: SHOULDER Part Position	Position patient to center scapulohumeral joint to center of IR. • Abduct extended arm slightly; externally rotate arm (supinate hand) until epicondyles of distal humerus are parallel to IR.
AP PROJECTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION: SHOULDER CR SAME - AP PROJECTION—INTERNAL ROTATION: SHOULDER	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to coracoid process
AP PROJECTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION: SHOULDER Anatomy Demonstrated	AP projection of proximal humerus and lateral two-thirds of clavicle and upper scapula, including relationship of the humeral head to the glenoid cavity.
AP PROJECTION—INTERNAL ROTATION: SHOULDER Part Position	Position patient to center scapulohumeral joint to center of IR. • Abduct extended arm slightly; internally rotate arm (pronate hand) until epicondyles of distal humerus are perpendicular to IR.
AP PROJECTION—INTERNAL ROTATION: SHOULDER Anatomy Demonstrated	Lateral view of proximal humerus and lateral two-thirds of clavicle and upper scapula is demonstrated, including the relationship of the humeral head to the glenoid cavity.
INFEROSUPERIOR AXIAL PROJECTION: SHOULDER -LAWRENCE METHOD Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm). • IR size—18 × 24 cm (8 × 10 inches) 75-85 KV
INFEROSUPERIOR AXIAL PROJECTION: SHOULDER -LAWRENCE METHOD Patient Position	Position patient supine with shoulder raised about 2 inches (5 cm) from tabletop by placing support under arm and shoulder to place body part near center of IR.
INFEROSUPERIOR AXIAL PROJECTION: SHOULDER -LAWRENCE METHOD Part Position	Move patient toward the front edge of tabletop Place vertical cassette on table as close to neck as possible, and support w/ sandbags. Abduct arm 90° from body if possible;keep in ext rotation, palm up, with support under arm& hand.
INFEROSUPERIOR AXIAL PROJECTION: SHOULDER -LAWRENCE METHOD CR	Direct CR medially 25° to 30°, centered horizontally to axilla and humeral head. If abduction of arm is less than 90°, the CR medial angle also should be decreased to 15° to 20° if possible.
INFEROSUPERIOR AXIAL PROJECTION: SHOULDER -LAWRENCE METHOD Anatomy Demonstrated Respiration Suspend respiration during exposure.	Lateral view of proximal humerus in relationship to scapulohumeral cavity is shown. • Coracoid process of scapula and lesser tubercle of humerus are seen in profile. • The spine of the scapula is seen on edge below scapulohumeral joint
POSTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION—GLENOID CAVITY: SHOULDER ---GRASHEY METHOD Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm). IR size—18 × 24 cm (8 × 10 inches), crosswise 75-85 KV
POSTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION—GLENOID CAVITY: SHOULDER ---GRASHEY METHOD Patient Position	Perform radiograph with patient in an erect or supine position. (The erect position is usually less painful for patient, if condition allows.)
POSTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION—GLENOID CAVITY: SHOULDER ---GRASHEY METHOD Part Position	Rotate body 35°-45° toward affected side. Center midscap-humral joint to center of IR. Adjust cassette so that top of IR is about 2" above shoulder and side of IR is about 2" from lateral border of humerus. Abduct arm slightly w/arm in neutral rotation.
POSTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION—GLENOID CAVITY: SHOULDER ---GRASHEY METHOD CR	CR perpendicular to IR, centered to scapulohumeral joint, which is approximately 2 inches (5 cm) inferior and medial from the superolateral border of shoulder
POSTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION—GLENOID CAVITY: SHOULDER ---GRASHEY METHOD Anatomy Demonstrated	Glenoid cavity should be seen in profile without superimposition of humeral head.
SCAPULAR Y LATERAL—ANTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION: SHOULDER Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm). • IR size—24 × 30 cm (10 × 12 inches),lengthwise —75 to 85 kV range
SCAPULAR Y LATERAL—ANTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION: SHOULDER Patient Position	Perform radiograph with patient in erect or recumbent position
SCAPULAR Y LATERAL—ANTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION: SHOULDER Part Position	Rotate into an anterior oblique position (45°-60°)as for a lateral scapula with patient facing IR. Palpate the superior angle of the scapula and aC joint articulation. Rotate the patient until an imaginary line between those two points are perp. to IR.
SCAPULAR Y LATERAL—ANTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION: SHOULDER CR	CR perpendicular to IR, directed to scapulohumeral joint (2 or 2-1/2 inches [5 or 6 cm] below top of shoulder)
SCAPULAR Y LATERAL—ANTERIOR OBLIQUE POSITION: SHOULDER Anatomy Demonstrated	True lateral view of the scapula, proximal humerus, and scapulohumeral joint.
Explain the Neer Method	Same as SCAPULAR Y SHOULDER except that the angle of the CR is 10°-15° caudal,centered posteriorly to pass through superior margin of humeral head. This puts the Proximal humerus superimposed over thin body of the scapula, seen on end without ribs
AP AND AP AXIAL PROJECTIONS: CLAVICLE Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—40 inches (102 cm). • IR size—24 × 30 cm (10 × 12 inches),lengthwise —75 to 85 kV range
AP AND AP AXIAL PROJECTIONS: CLAVICLE Patient Position	Perform radiograph with patient in erect or supine position with arms at sides, chin raised, and looking straight ahead. Posterior shoulder should be in contact with IR or tabletop, without rotation of body.
AP AND AP AXIAL PROJECTIONS: CLAVICLE Part Position	Center clavicle and IR to CR. (Clavicle can be readily palpated with medial aspect at jugular notch and lateral portion at AC joint above shoulder.)
AP AND AP AXIAL PROJECTIONS: CLAVICLE CR --AP AND AP AXIAL	AP CR perpendicular to midclavicle AP Axial CR 15° to 30° cephalad to midclavicle
AP AND AP AXIAL PROJECTIONS: CLAVICLE Anatomy Demonstrated --AP AND AP AXIAL	aP 0° Anatomy Demonstrated: • Entire clavicle visualized, including both AC and sternoclavicular joints and acromion. aP axial Anatomy Demonstrated: • Entire clavicle visualized, including both AC and sternoclavicular joints and acromion
AP PROJECTION: AC JOINTS Minimum SID — IR size — KV	Minimum SID—72 inches (183 cm) • IR size—35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 inches), crosswise, or (10 × 12 inches) crosswise for unilateral exposures Digital systems—70 to 80 kV range
AP PROJECTION: AC JOINTS Patient Position	Patient in erect position, shoulders against IR w/ equal weight on both feet; arms at side; no rotation of shoulders or pelvis; &looking straight ahead. 2 sets of bilateral AC joints are taken in the same position, 1 w/o weights & 1 stress view w/weights.
AP PROJECTION: AC JOINTS Part Position	Position patient to direct CR to midway between AC joints. • Center midline of IR to CR (top of IR should be approximately 2 inches [5 cm] above shoulders).
AP PROJECTION: AC JOINTS CR	CR perpendicular to midpoint between aC joints, 1 inch (2.5 cm) above jugular notch
AP PROJECTION: AC JOINTS Weights	1st exposure is made w/o weights, for large adult patients, strap 8-10 lbs min weights to each wrist, w/shoulders relaxed, let weights hang from wrists while pulling down on each arm and shoulder. The same weight must be used on each wrist.
AP PROJECTION: AC JOINTS Anatomy Demonstrated	Anatomy Demonstrated: • Both AC joints, entire clavicles, and SC joints are demonstrated.

Created by: wolfe9ah

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