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Psychology Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Deindividuation | losing self-awareness and self-restraint when in a group |
| Cognitive dissonance | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent |
| Milgrim Studies | A study conducted where people were told to electrocute other humans. The results of the study determined that if someone has authority over you, you are more likely to follow that person. |
| Conformity | adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard |
| Genes | small segments of the DNA molecule |
| Chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
| Alleles | alternate forms of a gene that produce different characteristics |
| Epigenetics | the study of how the environment affects gene expression |
| Culture | a set of ideas, behaviors, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people |
| Synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the cell body of the receiving neuron |
| Norm | rules for accepted and expected behavior |
| Individualism | the way people identify themselves and focus their goals |
| Collectivism | giving priority to the goals of a group and defining one’s identity by the group |
| Mutation | random errors in gene replication |
| Polygenic effect | When a number of gene pairs combine to create a single phenotype trait |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | when we overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations |
| Foot-in-Door Phenomenon | the tendency for people to agree to a large request after agreeing to a small request |
| Attribution Theory | we can attribute the behavior to the person’s stable, enduring traits, or to the situation |
| Normative Social Influence | influence resulting from a person’s want to fit into the social norm |
| Social Facilitation | Performance increases when people are present |
| Group Polarization | when discussing beliefs and attitudes in a group make the group stronger and like-minded |
| Ingroup Bias | the tendency to favor our own group |
| Just-World Phenomenon | The idea that people get what they deserve |
| Stereotypes | overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions |
| Bystander Effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
| Mere Exposure Effect | people experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar |
| Compassionate Love | a deep, affectionate attachment that include equity, self-disclosure, and positive support |
| Altruism | an unselfish concern for the welfare of others |
| Mirror-Image Perceptions | two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another |
| Social Responsibility Norm | we should help others who need our help |
| Temperament | a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
| Heritability | the extent to which trait variations among individuals are attributable to their differing genes |
| Gender Role | the behaviors we expect of those who occupy a particular social position |
| Genotype | the specific genetic makeup of the individual |
| Phenotype | The individual’s observable characteristics |
| Heterozygous | when having a mismatched set of alleles |
| Homozygous | having a matched set of alleles |
| Natural Selection | the principle that those contributing to increased reproduction and survival will most likely pass on to succeeding trait variations to future generations |
| Peer Influence | Encouraging individuals to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors in order to conform to group norms |
| Collective Unconsciousness | a shared, uninherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history |
| Projective Test | a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics |
| Rorschach Inkblot Test | the most widely used projective test, which seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations to ink blots |
| Ego | conscious energy that mediates among the demand of the id, superego, and reality |
| Displacement | when a person shifts his/her impulses from an unacceptable target to a more acceptable or less threatening target |
| Self-Actualization | the process of filling our potential |
| Humanistic Theories | view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth |
| Self-Concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?” |
| Big Five Personality Factors | Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism |
| External Locus of Control | the perception that chance or outside forces determine fate |
| Internal Locus of Control | the perception that you control your own destiny |
| Spotlight Effects | overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
| Self-Serving Bias | the ability to control impulses and delay gratification |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | from bottom to top: Psychological, Safety, Love/belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization |
| Personality | a person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
| Trait | people’s characteristic behavior and conscious motives |
| Personality Inventory | longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors used to assess selected personality traits |
| Free Association | a method of exploring the unconscious which the patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind |
| Superego | internalized ideals that provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations (ideal principle) |
| Id | unconscious energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives (pleasure principle) |
| Behavior Genetics | The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior |
| Temperament | a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
| Evolutionary Psychology | The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection |
| Social Learning Theory | The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished |
| Social-Cognitive Perspective | Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context |
| Motivation | A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | The idea that a psychological need creates a drive that motivates us to satisfy needs |
| Psychological Disorders | Patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional |
| Anxiety Disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| Panic Disorder | a person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts and/or actions |
| Mood Disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes |
| Psychotherapy | treatment involving interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological problems |
| Biomedical Theory | prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology |
| Psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue |
| Psychodynamic Theories | View personality with a focus on the unconsciousness and the importance of childhood memories |
| Freud's Theory of Psychoanalysis | His theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts |
| Maslow's Self-Actualization | view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth |
| Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology | analyzing human behavior in the workplace |
| Personnel Psychology | a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development |
| Organizational Psychology | a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity |
| Human Factors Psychology | a subfield of I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use |
| Health Psychology | Provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine |
| Problem-Focused Coping | Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor |
| Emotion-Focused Coping | Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction |
| Type A | A person who is more anger-prone and aggressive |
| Type B | A person who is more easy-going and relaxed |
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