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Psych final (12-14)
Psych final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define: Intellectual disability | significantly subaverage intellectual functioning and deficit/impairment im at least two: self care, communication, health, safety, self-direction |
| Classifications of disability | Mld - 50-55 to 70 Moderate - 35-40 to 50-55 Severe - 20-25 to 35-40 Profound - below 20-25 |
| Percentage of general population has intellectual disability | 1-3% |
| Etiology of Down Syndrome | 3 chromosomes on 21st pair |
| Etiology of Phenylketonuria | body cannot break down amino acid phenylalaine |
| Etiology of Fragile X | DNA make too many copes and "turns off" gene on x chromosome |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | drinking ETOH during pregnancy |
| Intellectual disability treatment | - not reversible - SST and behavioral techniques (shaping, chaining) hel teach adaptive functioning skills - meds for comorbid disorders |
| Dyslexia | reading scores below |
| Dyscalculia | diminished ability to understand math terms |
| Dysgraphia | disorder of written expression |
| Percentage of those who will drop out of school with a learning disorder | 40% |
| Treatment for dyslexia | focus on phenological processing and fluent reading. Then accommodation (extra time reading/test taking) |
| Treatment for dyscalculia | math drills and memorization |
| Treatment for dysgraphia | simple writing then more challenging writing tasks |
| Define autism spectrum disorder | qualitative impairment in social interactions and communication. Pattern restricted/stereotyped behaviors, interests and activities |
| Key features of autism | - Deficits of social communication/interaction - delay n spoken language - inability to make eye contact - echolalia: repeat last word/sound/phrase - Restricted/repetitive patter of behavior - hand flapping, spinning, pacing |
| Autism spectrum inheritability and common in boy or girls | 90% inheritable and more common in boys |
| Autism treatment | Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) - behavioral intervention to improve social skills by training (shaping) and rewarding (reinforce) specific behaviors Adverse procedure to counteract self-injury Medications not effective |
| Key features with ADHD | 1) Inattentiveness: daydreaming, distractibility, inability to focus 2) Hyperactivity: excessive energy, restlessness, inability to sit still 3) Impulsivity: blurting out, interrupting others, inability to take turns |
| Prevalence of ADHD | 3-5%, mostly boys |
| Etiological factors of ADHD | 77% heritable, lead, ETOH, low SES, foster care, criminal parent |
| ADHA Treatment | Behavioral: parent teaching, classroom mod, SST (social skills training), daily report care, token economics Medical: stimulants (enhance dopamine and norepi) |
| Define: Conduct disorder | continuous/repeated violation of basic rights of others or breaking societal rules |
| Define: Opposition Defiant Disorder | less severe negative, hostile, or defiant behavior |
| Etiology of Conduct Disorder and Opposition Defiant Disorder | maternal smoking/substance use, pregnancy complications, poor parenting, child abuse |
| Conduct Disorder and Opposition Defiant DIsorder treatment | 1) Psychosocial 1st line intervention: parent management training, classroom mod, SST 2) Medications unsuccessful when used alone |
| Define: Geropsychology | subdiscipline of psych that addresses issues of aging, including normal development, individual differences, and psych problems unique to older persons |
| Characteristics of successful aging | 1) perceived good health 2) an active lifestyle 3) continued independence 4) lack of disability 5) absence of cognitive impairment 6) positive social relationships |
| Selective optimization and compensation | People are more successfully when they modify their goals and choices to make best use of their personal characteristics - often require compensating for age-related limitations that reduce one's ability to reach previously achieved goas |
| Barriers to treatment for Aging adults | 1) fear that other will think they are crazy 2) limited time with dr 3) ageism: doc's consider psych distress to be normal part of aging |
| Factors to depression/anxiety in later life | *not natural consequence of aging* - death of loved one - changes in job/financial status - deterioration in physical abilities |
| Define: executive dysfunction | difficulty planning, thinking abstractly, initiating and inhibiting actions |
| Define: vascular depression | depressive disorder due to medical condition (cerebrovascular disease = decrease blood to brain) |
| Depression and suicide in older adults | 1) over 65 y/o commit suicide TWICE as much 2) suicide rate increase w age 3) while men at highest risk |
| Early- onset depression | BEFORE 35-65 y/o - family hx |
| Late- onset depression | AFTER 65 y/o - coexist with: cognitive impairment, brain abnormalities (atrophy), vascular, neurological, or other physical dx |
| Life-span Developmental Diathesis-Stress Model | - Advanced age increases the influence of biological variable (genetics, medical diseases), and personal protective factors (maturity, life experience) |
| Treatments for depression in older adults | - usually begins with physical - reminiscence therapy (focus o pt's recall of significant past events and how they managed distress) |
| Health consequences of anxiety | - may "wear down" cognitive defenses - prevents psych immune system to kick in - psych response to medical illness |
| Commonly used substances in older adults | - #1 tobacco - ETOH, misuse prescriptions (common in women), - account for 25% |
| Impact of substance abuse in older adults | related to physical changes = decreased body's metabolism = increased potential for SE's and toxicity - same amounts = higher blood levels |
| Treatment options for SA in older adults | 1) Brief Alcohol Counseling (BAC): family support, education, direct feedback about problematic drinking (staging intervention) 2) Meds: benzo |
| Late-Onset Schizo | - AFTER 40 - more positive s/s - more paranoid & auditory hallucinations - more common in women |
| Very-late-onset Schizo | - AFTER 65 - result from: stroke, tumor = neurodegenerative change - no social deterioration and personal functioning - no prodromal period |
| Epidemiology of Schizo in older adults | - more common in hospitalized or living in nursing homes - culturally, spiritually, & witchcraft may be used to explain "strange s/s", possession |
| Psychosis & medical conditions | - brain abnormalities (excess dopamine), deficits in hearing/vision - medical conditions: stroke tumor, Alzheimer's |
| Define; delirium | alteration in consciousness that typically occurs in the context of a medical illness or after ingesting a substance 1) hypoactive: decrease wakefulness 2) hyperactive: severe insomnia, hyperarousal |
| Etiological factors of neurocognitive disorders | 1) most often caused by by serious medical condition (AIDs, CHF, med tox, metabolic disorder - hypothyroidism) 2) Neurological dx: head trauma, stroke, Sz, meningitis 3) Dehydration malnutrition |
| Delirium treatment | 1) screening - health disorders 2) family support 3) medication: antipsychotics 4) environmental manipulation: decreasing sensory stimulation, regular day-night routine |
| Define: Neurological disorders | Cognitive decline (alteration, executive function, learning and memory) *no change in consciousness or alertness* |
| Major cognitive disorder | significant decline in cognitive performance |
| Minor cognitive disorder | modest decline in previous cognitive performance |
| Substance/medication - induced | substance used (esp ETOH) that lead to dementia; abstinence may stop or even reverse cognitive decline and cortical damage |
| Alzheimer's | - most common neurocog disorder - tangles: twisted proteins in neurons - plaques: deposit of beta-amyloid protein between cells in hippocampus, cortex, adn other regions |
| 1st noticeable signs of Alzheimer's | - forgetting recent events/names - repeating statements/questions - getting lost while driving to familiar places |
| Protective factors | - diet: increase omega-3, decrease fat/cholesterol, increase vitamin C/D/E - moderate use of ETOH (red wine) *mental activities* - NSAIDs - Advanced education |
| Treatment for Alzheimer's | - not reversible - delay disease progression - prolong independence - improve QoL |
| Medication for Alzheimer's | Cholinesterase inhibitor (CEIs_ - block destructiveness of acetylcholine |
| Developers of TMT | - Jeff Greenberg - Tom Pyszczynski - Sheldon Solomon |
| Tenant of TMT | - fear of death is innate & universal - self-awareness leading to realization that death is unstoppable & inevitable: paralyzing terror |
| Define: dual-component buffer | buffers against terror of death - cultural worldview: "American = freedom, independence" - self-esteem: belief in self, ability, self-worth |
| Mortality salience | When reminded of death (mortality is salient); people attempt to rid the mind of thoughts of death & return to composed psych state |
| Worldview defense | People identify with their views and punish any views that do not agree |
| Mortality salience research | - mortality prime group punished prostitute (by increasing bail) b/c didn't fit worldview & awarded (increase money) to heroine for apprehending hooker b/c reinforced worldview |
| TMT and understanding how people age | 1) stave off/maintain behaviors used as buffer 2) religion/spirituality acts as buffer against death - extends life (afterlife) - give life purpose - gives explanation |
| Define: health psychology | study how psychological factors: environmental stressors, personality factors and social influences affect people's health and well being |
| Define: Behavioral medicine | - Not just psych - studies relationship between behaviors and biomedicine |
| Define: Medical psychology | Study and practice of psych as r/t health illness, medical tx |
| Define: Biopsychosocial medicine | suggests complex interactions among bio, psych, and social factors |
| Define: Biomedical Model | Explains illnesses as solely biological process |
| Body-Mind Dualism | Body and mind function independently although they many interact |
| Eustress | Good stress: birth, marriage |
| Appraisal process | Person assess whether he/she has the resources or coping skills to deal with an event stressful event < primary appraisal (how much harm) and secondary appraisal (how to cope) > stress depends on balance between both |
| Problem-focused coping | take action to manage problem * more effective* - gather info - make decisions - resolve conflisct |
| EMotion- focused coping | managing emotional distress - change thoughts - engage in behaviors to feel better - avoid problem |
| Acute Stress Paradigm | - short term stress created in lab - measure impact on physiological, neuroendocrine, & psych responses |
| Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) | measures impact of life events |
| Hassle Scale | measures frequency/severity of day-to-day stressors |
| Uplift Scale | assess day-to-day events that counteract negative effects of stress |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | 1) Alarm: body mobilizes energy to defend against stressor 2) ResistanceL individual attempts to cope w/or resist stressor 3) Exhaustion: energy becomes depleted, ability to resist stressor weakens |
| Chronic Pain | #1 most common health problem Tx: analgesics: codeine, Vicodin, oxy |
| Health psychologists role | work to change pt's behaviors, attitudes or beliefs to promote health; conduct research examining relation btwn psych and physical variables |
| Increase health behaviors | 1) Primary: teaching- increasing healthy behavior in people without disease 2) Secondary: health promotion program for at risk population |
| Stress Management | 1st step - education and awareness - increase healthy behaviors |
| Adjusting to chronic stress | - good social support = better outcomes - continuing social interaction, managing stress, and modifying beliefs |
Created by:
jkelleyb
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