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Scientific Method
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Psych Unit 2 notes

Unit 2 Review

QuestionAnswer
Scientific Method A 5 step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control bases and subjective judgements
Validity The degree to which results actually measure what they intend to measure accurately
Reliability The degree to which results can be replicated (consistency)
Operational Definition Exact procedures used in estimating experimental conditions and measurement of results
Confounding Variables Variables that have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment
Controls Constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject has the exact same conditions
Random Assignment Equal chance of being chosen for the experimental group
Ex post facto Choosing subjects based on certain factors (not random)
Correlational study Shows the relationship between two variables but not a cause and effect (no controls)
Survey Behaviors, attitudes, opinions, beliefs; must be careful of biased questions and results or lies
Naturalistic Observation Natural environment; reduce attention drawn; no controls
Longitudinal Study One group followed for a long period; Accurate but is costly and time consuming
Cross-sectional study cross section (rep. subset) at a specific time. Cost less money and time but is less accurate
Cohort-sequential study A mixture of the longitudinal and cross sectional studies
Personal Bias Something you believe in
Expectancy Bias What you expect to happen
Double-Blind Study Eliminates bias. The experimenter and the subject both do not know the control and experimental group.
Frequency Distribution A summery chart, showing how frequently each of the various scores in a set of data occurs
Descriptive Statistics Statistical procedures used to describe characteristics
Standard deviation A measure of variability that indicates the average difference between the scores and their mean
Correlation A relationship between two variables, in which changes in one variable are reflected on changes in the other variable
Correlation Coefficient A number between -1 and 1 expressing degree of relationship between variables
Inferential Statistics Describes if results are meaningful (chance or reliable)
Random Sample A sample group of subjects selected by chance (no bias)
Representative Sample A sample obtained in such a way that it reflects the distribution of important variables in the larger population in which the researchers are interested
Significant Difference Psychologists accept a difference between the groups as "real" or significant when the probability that it might be due to an atypical sample drawn by chance is less than 5%
construct assumed to be present but cannot be seen or measured directly
hypothesis a prediction or assumption about behavior that is tested through scientific research
replicate to repeat a research study, usually with different participants and in different situations, to confirm the results of the original study
survey a research technique for acquiring data about the attitudes or begaviors of a group of people, usually by asking questions of a representative, random sample
target population the total group to be studied or described and from whom samples may be drawn
sample a representative segment of a target population
random sample a survey population, selected by chance, which fairly represents the general population
stratified sample a sample drawn in such a way that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the general population
bias a predisposition to a certain point of view
volunteer bias the concept that people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ from those who do not volunteer
case study an in-depth study of a single person or group to reveal some universal principle
cross-sectional method a method of research that looks at different age groups at the same time in order to understand changes that occur during the life span
naturalistic observation the study of behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulation or control on the part of the observer
laboratory observation the study of behavior in a controlled situation
correlation the relationship between variables
positive correlation a relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other variable also increases
negative correlation an unpleasant stimulus between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases
experiment a controlled scientific procedure to determine whether certain variables manipulated by the researcher have an effect on other variables
variables factors that are measured or controlled in a scientific study
independent variable the factor that is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on another variable
dependent variable in an experiment, the factor that is being measured and that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
experimental group in a study, the participants who receive the treatment
control group in an experiment, the group that does not receive the treatment
controlled experiment an experiment that uses both a control group and an experimental group to determine whether the independent variable influences behavior and, if so, how it does so
placebo an inert substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance
single-blind study a study in which the participants are unaware of whether they are in the control group or the experimental group
double-blind study an experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo
standard deviation a measure of distance of every score to the mean
ethics rules and standards for proper and responsible behavior
informed consent an agreement by an individual to participate in research after receiving information about the purpose of the study and the nature of the treatment
Hypothesis A specific testable prediction about some phenomenon.
Theory Set of formal statements that explains how and why certain events are related to one another. (theory -> hypothesis -> experiment)
Hindsight (after-the-fact) Past events can be explained in multiple ways. The reason we have may not have caused the specific event that we've seen.
Good Theory 1. Organize info in a meaningful way 2. Testable and generates a new hypothesis 3. supported by findings of new research 4. simpler is better (law of parsimony)
Statistical Reliability The degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent or the same.
Validity Degree to which an experiment or variable measures what it is intended to measure.
Variable Any characteristic or factor that can vary.
Operational Variable Defines it in terms of the specific procedure/method.
Data The number that represents facts used as a basis for reasoning, reaching conclusions, or analysis.
Participants Being observed
Naturalistic observations observation in normal environment adv : large amounts of descriptive data dis : observer bais, self-consciousness, may never see something interesting.
Surveys Set of questions asked to a group about beliefs, attitudes, preferences, or activities. uses-> gathering data, learning about options problems-> sampling errors, poorly phrased questions, self report measure.
Correlational Research Examining relationships between variables.
Experimental Design Set up of an experiment.
Experimental Design Vs. Quasi experiment Experimental -> Not randomly assigned Quasi -> Randomly assigned.
Placebo Effect When people show a change in behavior because of expectancy.
Experimenter Expectancy Subtle and unintentional ways the experimenter influences the outcome.
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