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O&G definitions
Description of obstetric and gynaecological terms and problems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Menarche | Onset of menstruation (~12 - 13 y.o.) |
| Thelarche | Onset of breast development (~9 - 11 y.o.) |
| Adrenarche | Onset of pubic hair development (~11 - 12 y.o.) |
| Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) | Subjectively excessive bleeding in otherwise normal cycle |
| Post-coital bleeding (PCB) | Bleeding following sexual intercourse |
| Irregular menstrual bleeding | Cycle outside 23-35 days, with >7 day variability |
| Intermenstrual bleeding | Bleeding between periods |
| Amenorrhoea | Absence of periods |
| Primary amenorrhoea | Menarche never occurs |
| Secondary amenorrhoea | Periods cease after >6 months of cycles |
| Oligomenorrhoea | Periods less than once every 35 days |
| Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism | Insufficient pituitary gland secretion of FSH and LH |
| Hyperprolactinaemia | Elevated blood levels of the hormone prolactin |
| Hypothyroidism | Underactive thyroid, low blood levels of T4 |
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome | Many growing follicles in ovary, disordered gonadotrophins. |
| Dysmenorrhoea | Painful menstruation |
| Primary dysmenorrhoea | No pathological cause found on investigation |
| Secondary dysmenorrhoea | Pathology (suggested by other menstrual problems and dyspareunia) |
| Dyspareunia | Pain during intercourse |
| Superficial dyspareunia | Pain at introitus |
| Deep dyspareunia | Pain is felt inside |
| Uterine polyp | Growth of endometrium |
| Adenomyosis | Endometrial tissue within muscularis |
| Leiomyomata / fibroids | Benign smooth muscle tumours |
| von Willebrand's disease | Deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF), involved in platelet adhesion |
| Precocious puberty | Menarche prior to 10 y.o.a. or secondary sexual characteristics by 8 y.o.a |
| Ambiguous sexual development | Uncertain genitalia, or mismatch between chromosomal and anatomical sex |
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | Deficiency of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis causes virilization and precocious puberty in females |
| Androgen insensitivity syndrome | Inability of cells to respond to androgens causes female anatomy impairs masculinization of males in utero |
| Guevedoches | People with the intersex condition 5-alpha-reductase deficiency |
| Leiomyosarcomata | Malignant tumours of smooth muscle |
| Haematometra | Blood accumulation within uterine cavity |
| Endometrial carcinoma | Malignant tumour derived from endometrium |
| Endometrium | Glandular lining of uterus comprised of functional and basal layers |
| Aschermann's syndrome | Intra-uterine adhesions following damage to basal layer of endometrium |
| Cervical ectropion | Columnar epithelium visible around the os |
| Cervical transformation zone | Squamous metaplasia in everted endocervix at the squamo-columnar junction |
| Nabothian follicles | Formed from squamous epithelium overlying cervical secretory columnar epithelium |
| Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) | A premalignant condition confined to epithelium |
| CIN I | Dysplastic changes in lower 1/3 of epithelium |
| CIN II | Dysplastic changes in lower 2/3 of epithelium |
| CIN III | Carcinoma in situ / full thickness dysplasia |
| Human papilloma virus | DNA virus implicated in aetiology of cervical neoplasia |
| HPV 16 and 18 | Particularly high risk strains |
| HPV 6 and 11 | Lower risk, causes genital warts |
| Chocoloate cysts | Ovarian endometriosis |
| Lichen sclerosus (et atrophicus) | Painful and itchy autoimmune condition of vulva with skin thinning and loss of pigmentation |
| Bartholin's glands | A pair of mucous secreting glands posterior to labia minora |
| Bartholin's abscess | Infection of Bartholin's glands with duct blockage |
| Cystocoele | Prolapse of the bladder into the vagina |
| Rectocoele | Prolapse of the rectum into the vagina |
| Uterine prolapse | Prolapse of the uterus into the vagina |
| Procidentia | The entire uterus has prolapsed out of the vagina |
| Enterocoele | Prolapse of the pouch of Douglas into the vagina |
| Detrusor muscle | Smooth muscle wall of the bladder |
| Stress incontinence | Involuntary passage of urine when intra-abdominal pressure exceeds that of the neck of the bladder |
| Urge incontinence | Involuntary passage of urine preceded by a desire to void |
| Acute urinary retention | Inability to pass urine for > 12 hours, not due to oliguria. |
| Painful bladder syndrome | Functional syndrome of suprapubic pain on bladder filling |
| Endometriosis | Endometrial tissue outside the uterus |
| Dyschezia | Pain on passing stool |
| Chronic pelvic pain | > 6 months of pain not purely related to menstrual cycle, often functional |
| Vaginal candidiasis | Fungal infection with C. albicans in vagina |
| Bacterial vaginosis (BV) | Replacement of normal commensals with mixed flora incl. anaerobes |
| Clue cells | Microscopic appearance of various organisms in epithelial cells suggestive of BV |
| Chlamydia | A common STI (often asymptomatic), implicated in PID |
| Gonorrhoea | An STIwith potentially serious sytemic complications |
| Reiter's syndrome / reactive arthritis | Urethritis, conjunctivitis and arthritis. |
| Condylomata acuminata | Genital warts caused by HPV infection |
| Genital herpes | Infection with HSV2 causing a painful vesicular rash |
| Syphilis | STI causing painless ulceration |
| Trichomoniasis | Infection with flagellate protozoan |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Pelvic infection caused by ascending organisms, can result in sub-fertility |
| Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome | Perihepatitis as a complication of PID |
| Subfertility | Lack of conception after a year of regular unprotected intercourse |
| Primary subfertility | Female has never conceived |
| Secondary subfertility | Female has conceived before |
| Anovulation | Failure to produce an egg |
| Venous thrombosis | Coagulation of blood within veins, a risk of the COC |
| Contraception | Methods and devices used to prevent conception. Hormonal and barrier methods most effective. |
| Menopause | The cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity |
| Perimenopause | The time preceding and up to 12 months after menopause |
| Premature menopause | Menopause prior to 40 y.o.a. |
| Post menopausal bleeding | Bleeding after the menopause, important to exclude carcinoma |
| Osteoporosis | Thinning of trabecular bone, a problem in postmenopausal women |
| Spontaneous miscarriage | Foetus dies or delivers dead before 24 weeks (inclusive) |
| Threatened miscarriage | Bleeding, but all else normal |
| Inevitable miscarriage | Bleeding + cervical os open |
| Incomplete miscarriage | Some foetal parts passed |
| Complete miscarriage | All foetal parts passed, uterus contracted and os closed |
| Septic miscarriage | The contents of the uterus are infected |
| Missed miscarriage | The foetus has failed to develop or died in utero |
| Recurrent miscarriage | 3 or more consecutive miscarriages |
| Ectopic pregnancy | The embryo has implanted outside the uterine cavity |
| Hyperemesis gravidarum | Nausea and vomiting sufficient to cause weight loss, dehydration or electrolyte disturbances |
| Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia / molar pregnancy | Tumour of trophoblastic tissue |
| Choriocarcinoma | Malignant tumour of trophoblastic tissue |
| Pfannenstiel incision | Lower transverse incision |
| Alpha foetoprotein (AFP) | Produced by the foetal liver, elevated levels suggest neural tube defects |
| Edward's syndrome | Trisomy 18 |
| Patau syndrome | Trisomy 13 |
| Klinefelter's syndrome | 47 XXY |
| Turner's syndrome | 45 X0 |
| Polyhydramnios | Excess amniotic fluid |
| Gastroschisis | Free loops of bowel in the amniotic cavity |
| Foetal hydrops | Accumulation of fluid in 2 or more areas within the foetus |
| Cytomegalovirus | Virus that can be transmitted to the foetus in utero |
| Herpes simplex | Virus that carries a high foetal mortality |
| Rubella | Virus causing foetal deafness. Mothers immunized |
| Pregnancy induced hypertension | b.p. > 140/90 mmHg |
| Pre-existing hypertension | Hypertension present prior to pregnancy |
| Pre-eclampsia | Inflammatory, multisystem disease of pregnancy, causing hypertension and proteinuria (etc) |
| Eclampsia | Grand-mal seizures, treat with MgSO4 |
| Gestational diabetes | Development of glucose intolerance during pregnancy |
| Rhesus isoimmunization | Maternal immune response against foetal erythrocytes |
| Preterm delivery | Delivery between 24 and 37 weeks |
| Antepartum haemorrhage | Bleeding after 24 weeks |
| Placenta praevia | Low-lying placenta (marginal and major) |
| Placental abruption | Separation of the placenta from the uterus before delivery |
| "Small for dates" | Less than 10th centile |
| Foetal compromise | When the conditions for foetal growth are not optimal |
| Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) | Foetal growth is slowed or tails off, NB not necessarily small for dates |
| Foetal distress | An acute situation resulting in death or disability if delivery does not occur promptly |
| Prolonged pregnancy | >42 weeks inclusive |
| Abnormal lie | Transverse and oblique |
| Breech presentation | Feet down (extended, flexed or footling) |
| External cephalic version | A manual method to attempt to rotate foetus to gain longitudinal lie |
| Multiple pregancy | Twins > 1 in 100, triplets about 1 in 1000 |
| Dizygotic twins | Twins from two oocytes |
| Monozygotic twins | Resulting from division of a single zygote |
| Dichorionic diamniotic twins | Separate placentas and amnions |
| Monochorionic diamniotic twins | Shared placenta |
| Monochorionic monoamniotic twins | Shared placenta and amnion, |
| Mechnical factors of labour | 3 Ps: powers, passage, and passenger |
| Shoulder dystocia | An obstetric emergency. Shoulders fail to deliver after head |
| Erb's palsy (Waiter's tip) | Damage to C5 and 6, can be caused by excessive head traction |
| Cord prolapse | Obstetric emergency. Cord descends below foetus, compression causes hypoxia |
| Amniotic fluid embolism | Obstetric emergency. Amniotic fluid in maternal vasculature, 80% mortality |
| The puerperium | The period up to 6 weeks post delivery |
| Post partum haemorrhage | Bleeding after delivery |
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