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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pain/Pleasure principles (arousal): | ): want to maximize pleasure/ reduce pain |
| Drive Theory/ Internal Factors | physiological needs create a drive to do something (homeostasis). (Drive theory acts by an internal state pushing you in a specific direction.) |
| Incentives- External Factors | external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior |
| Instinct Theory | states that motivation is the result of biological, genetic programming. Thus, all beings within a species are programmed for the same motivations. |
| Cognitive Theory | unless obstacles are put in our way, such as safety, hunger or financial problems, we are driven to achieve our potential. |
| Hedonism | the belief that we want to maximize pleasure |
| Gate Control Theory | Our brain can only get so many messages at a time; thus if we can fill the gate with good messages (pleasure) we can block the bad messages (like pain) from getting in. |
| . Intrinsic Motivation | - behavior that is driven by internal rewards |
| Extrinsic Motivation | behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise. |
| Biological needs | doing something for your primary needs (food, water, sex) |
| Homeostasis | maintain balance |
| Instincts- unlearned, needed for survival Drives | physiological- primary needs |
| Instincts | unlearned, needed for survival |
| Primary Needs | innate/instinctual (food, water, sex) |
| Secondary Needs | learned (money) |
| Incentives | something external that influences your behavior |
| Displacement | redirecting your id energies |
| Over-Justification- | being rewarded for something that you would’ve done anyway (makes it less rewarding). |
| Goal Gradient | the closer you get to your goal, the harder you work |
| McClelland’s need for achievement theory | people with a high need for achievement (nAch) seek to excel and thus tend to avoid both low-risk and high-risk situations. |
| Need for Affiliation, social ostracism | everyone has a need for affiliation (when we are ostracized we feel angry, sad, left out) |
| Maslow’s Hierarchy | physiological—> safety needs—> love & belongingness—> esteem needs—> self-actualization |
| Self-Handicapping | you set yourself up for failure by getting in situations where you cant succeed/ making excuses not to succeed |
| Biological cues | central come from the brain and peripheral come from all over the body |
| Leptin & Glucose | hormones involved in hunger that tell our body to eat |
| Anorexia Nervosa | eating disorder, self-imposed starvation (have to be 15% below your ideal body mass index) |
| Bulimia Nervousa | eating disorder, binge-purge cycle (must binge-purge at least 3 times a week for at least 3 months) |
| Learned cues | eating because other people are eating |
| Peripheral cues | cues from all over the body telling us what we need (nutrients, vitamins, etc.) |
| Set Point or Range | your average weight |
| Socio-economic Status and Obesity | the wealthier you are, the less acceptable it is to be obese & more pressure to stay thin |
| Ventromedial portion of Hypothalamus | tells you that you’re full. (stop button) |
| Hyper-aphasia | when the ventromedial portion of the hypothalamus is damaged, you continue to eat because you do not feel full. |
| Lateral Portion of the Hypothalamus | (the on button) tells you to eat |
| Lateral-aphasia | when the lateral portion of the hypothalamus is damaged and you do not eat because you never feel hungry |
| Estrogen, Testosterone | hormones involved in sexual motivation; women have a cyclic release of Estrogen and Testosterone, men have a constant release |
| Hypothalamus and Sex Hormones | hypothalamus sends hormones that go to the pituitary glands that go to the gonads to release sex hormones. |
| . Pheromones and menstruation | you have to smell men to menstruate; women that smell each other will get on the same cycles. |
| LeVay’s research on homosexuality | - the brain (hypothalamus) leads to homosexuality |
| Percentage of men who are homosexual | about 10 |
| Percentage of men who have engaged in homosexual activity | 33% |
| Men’s/ Women’s views about sex after marriage | both men and women say sex gets better after marriage |
| The brain and sexual responsiveness | the brain gets in the way |
| Orgasms | most women can reach an orgasm, but many women don’t when they have sex |
| Double standard | very different rules for men and women; much more acceptable for men to have sex with multiple people than it is for women |
| Money’s theory of sexual orientation | the hormones in the last trimester of pregnancy determine homosexual predisposition |
| HIV truths | women can give HIV to men but it is easier for men to give it to women |
| Self efficacy | - the belief that you have a strong degree of control in your own achievement; if you achieve it’s because you choose to achieve |
| . nAch | the need for achievement scale |
| Arnold’s theory of emotion | we go through stages, percieve—> appraise—> bodily change—> emotion—> action |
| James Lange’s theory | body changes first and then causes the emotion (ex. scared because you’re running, sad because you're crying) |
| Cannon Bard’s theory | emotion and physical change happen at the same time |
| Schacter-Singer “Two Factor Theory”- | we have the physical arousal but we have to interpret it and sometimes we interpret it incorrectly (you think someones cuter than they really are after going to the gym because your body is still aroused) |
| Opponent process theory | overtime the dominant emotion gets weaker and the opposite gets stronger (first time you skydive you’re mostly scared/ kind of excited; next time you go, you’re mostly excited/ kind of scared) |
| Yerkes-Dodson theory | if a task is too easy, we have to make it more challenging to do our best |
| Cognitive dissonance | can’t have two contradictory beliefs at the same time |
| Approach- avoidance | good and bad at the same time and we must decide |
| Approach- approach | both things good and have to decide which is better |
| Avoidance- avoidance | both things are bad and we have to decide which is worse |
| Selye’s stages of stress- general adaptation syndrome | a) alarm stage- your body senses an emergency and produces ACTH b) resistance stage- try to fix emergency/ fight stress c) exhaustion- your body gets tired from the alarm and resistance |
| Lie detectors | don’t measure what you’re thinking, they measure physiological changes |
| Facial expressions of emotions | are universal; blind people show the same facial expressions and other cultures have the same facial expressions for emotions |
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dickb
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