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Psychology Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Premack Principle | |
| Absolute Threshold | Minimal amount of physical energy needed for a person to detect a stimulus. |
| Binocular Cues | Depth cues (retinal disparity, convergence) that depend on the use of two eyes. |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | Attributing a behavior to a flaw in personality rather than a situation that causes the behavior. |
| Heuristics | Mental shortcuts, or rules of thumb used in problem-solving. |
| Activation Synthesis Model | Proposes that dreams are nothing more than the brain's interpretation of what happens during REM sleep. |
| Central Route of Persuasion | Involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message. |
| Peripheral Route of Persuasion | Involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on a message's content. |
| Gate-Control Theory | The belief that a neural gate in the spinal cord can open to allow pain messages to be sent to the brain, or close to block them |
| Stroop Effect | |
| Synaptic Pruning | The process of losing neural connections in the brain that are not used. |
| Deindividuation | Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in situations with high arousal and the element of anonymity in groups. |
| Just-World Hypothesis | Tendency for people to think others get what they deserve. |
| Infantile Amnesia | |
| Overjustification Effect | |
| Sound Localization | |
| Hans Selye | Came up with the GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome); studied responses to stress. |
| Bystander Effect | |
| Transduction (eye) | The process of converting physical energy into neural impulses. |
| Aphasia | Inability to understand or use language due to brain damage. |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | |
| Altruism | Display of genuine and unselfish concern for the welfare of others. |
| PKU (Phenylketonuria) | |
| Availability Heuristic | Judging a situation based on what readily comes to mind. |
| G. Stanley Hall | |
| Self-Efficacy | |
| Sensory Memory | Immediate, brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
| Priming | |
| Incubation | |
| Charles Spearman | |
| Extrinsic Motivation | Desire to perform a behavior for a reward or to avoid punishment. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | Desire to perform a behavior for your own sake, not for a reward. |
| Homeostasis | The tendency for the body to maintain a biologically balanced state. |
| Abraham Maslow | Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs. |
| Paul Ekman | Psychologist who studied emotions in several countries and concluded that there are 7 basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, contempt, and surprise. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. |
| Conditioned Stimulus | Originally neutral stimulus that, after association with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
| Unconditioned Response | Unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned Response | Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. |
| Aversive Conditioning | |
| Acquisition | The initial learning stage in classical conditioning. |
| Extinction | The weakening of a conditioned response - the process of unlearning a behavior. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | After a conditioned response has been extinguished, the response may reappear after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus. |
| Shaping | Reinforcement is delivered after every step toward the desired response. |
| Token Economy | Form of behavior therapy in which individuals are rewarded with a sort of token. |
| Amygdala | Part of the brain that influences emotions such as anger and fear. |
| Hypothalamus | "The body's thermostat." Controls eating, drinking, behavior, and body temperature. Also controls your biological clock. |
| Medulla | Part of the brain that is responsible for vital functions such as heart rate, swallowing, and breathing. |
| Reticular Formation | Part of the brain that plays a role in alertness and general arousal. |
| Corpus Callosum | |
| Alfred Binet | Creator of the first intelligence test. |
| Psychometrics | |
| Reliability | The consistency or repeatability of a test. |
| Validity | That the test measures what it is supposed to measure. |
| Triarchic Theory of Intelligence | Sternberg's theory that there are 3 types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical. |
| Encoding | Process of acquiring and entering information into memory. |
| Semantic Memory | Memories of the meanings of words, concepts, and general facts about the world. |
| Retreival Cues | Clues or hints that trigger a long-term memory. |
| Encoding-Specificity Principle | States that retrieval is more effective when retrieval conditions are similar to how the information was learned or encoded. |
| Herman Ebbinghaus | Came up with the serial positioning effect (which includes the primacy and recency effects.) |
| Fovea | Central region in the eye that gives us visual acuity (our sharpest vision.) Also holds a concentration of cones. |
| Kinesthetic Sense | The sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other. |
| Feature Detectors | Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus (shape, angle, movement.) Discovered by Hubel and Wiesel. |
| Opponent-Process Theory (vision) | Theory that proposes three sets of opposing colors: blue-yellow, red-green, black-white. |
| Law of Proximity | Gestalt principle that we tend to group things together when they are near each other. |
| Groupthink | The tendency for groups to make bad decisions: members will suppress reservations about ideas supported by the group. |
| Ethnocentricism | The belief that one's culture is better than others. |
| Scapegoating | |
| Cognitive Dissonance | Tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs. |
| Matching Hypothesis |
Created by:
torbelle
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