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chapter 3
genes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. EX: carries genes and functions. |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (A DNA molecule has 2 strands-forming a "double helix"-held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides. EX: material that transfers genetic characteristics in all lif |
| genes | the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes. The human genome has 3 billion weakly bonded pairs of nucleotides organized as coiled chains of DNA. EX: determines a particular characteristi |
| genome | the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes. The human genome has 3 billion weakly bonded pairs of nucleotides organized as coiled chains of DNA. EX: all the inheritable traits of an organism |
| natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passedon to succeeding generations. EX: changes in climate, or competition for food or mates |
| mutations | random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity. EX: change, as in nature, form, or quality |
| evolutionary psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. EX: someone who studies behavior and mind. |
| gender | in psychology, the characteristics whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female. EX: sex: female: XX male: XY |
| behavior genetics | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. EX: someone who studies effects of genetics and hereditary. |
| environment | every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. EX: surroundings, culture, neighborhood. |
| identical twins | twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. EX: two independently growing cells. |
| fraternal twins | twins who develop from seperate eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. EX: two separately fertilized eggs. |
| temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. EX: control of feeling, temper, action, etc. |
| heritability | the propotion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary depending on the range of populations and environment studies. EX: capable of inheriting. |
| interaction | the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity). EX: effect that one kind of particle has on another. |
| molecular genetics | the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes. |
| culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. EX: behaviors and beliefs |
| norm | an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. EX: a standard, model, or pattern. |
| personal space | the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. EX: sense of invisible boundaries of one's self. |
| memes | self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person. EX: cultural practice or idea, that is transmitted verbally or by repeated action. |
| X chromosome | the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female. EX: females have two. males have one. |
| Y chromosome | the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X sex chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. EX: sex chromosomes; females don't have one. |
| testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the addition testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. EX: sex hormo |
| role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. EX: how one is expected to behave. |
| gender role | a set of expected behaviors for males and for females. EX: standard behavior that indicates one's gender. |
| gender identity | one's sense of being male of female. EX: Jenny is a female. Mark is a male. |
| gender-typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. EX: boys are strong. girls are nurses. |
| social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded of punished. We learn from observing. |
| gender schema theory | the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly. EX: we learn from culture and behaviors. |
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layteenorkeh
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