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Chapter 4
State and Local Gov IDs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| at-large elections | elections in which candidates for office must complete throughout the jurisdiction as a whole |
| balanced budget | a budget in which the legislature balances expenditures with expected revenues with no deficit |
| *expenditures | to spend funds |
| *deficit | lack or shortage |
| charter | a document that, like constitutions, specifies the basic policies, procedures and institutions of a municipality |
| City Council | the legislature in a city government |
| commission | form of local government in which several officials are elected to top positions that have both legislative and executive responsibilities |
| Dillon's Rule | a court ruling that local governments to not have any inherent sovereignty but instead must be authorized by state government |
| district-based election | election in which candidates run for an office that represents only the voters of a specific district within the jurisdiction |
| domestic dependent nation | a type of sovereignty that places an American Indian tribe in the US outside the authority of state governments but reliant on the federal government for interpretation and application of treaty provisions |
| line-item veto | the authority of a chief executive to delete part of a bill passed by the legislature that involves taxing or spending. Ruled unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court |
| mayor | chief elected executive of a city |
| Missouri (Merit) Plan | a method of selecting judges in which a governor must appoint someone from a list provided by an independent panel. Judges are then kept in office if they get a majority of “yes” votes in general elections |
| municipality | a government with general responsibilities, such as a city, town or village, which is created in response to the emergence of a relatively densely populated area |
| nonpartisan election | a contest in which political parties do not nominate candidates and ballots do not include any party identification of those running for office |
| pardon | an executive grant providing restoration of all rights and privileges of citizenship to a specific individual charged or convicted of a crime |
| parole | the authority of a governor to release a prisoner before his or her full sentence has been completed and to specify conditions that must be met as a part of the release |
| political machine | an organization designed to solicit votes from certain neighborhoods or communities for a particular political party in return for services and jobs if that party wins |
| Progressive Movement | advocated measures to destroy political machines and instead have voters participate directly in the nomination of candidates and the establishment of public policy |
| progressive tax | the tax level increases with the wealth, or ability of an individual or business to pay |
| regressive tax | the tax level increases as the wealth or ability of an individual or business to pay decreases |
| reservation land | land designated in a treaty that is under the authority of an American Indian nation and is exempt from most state laws and taxes |
| segregated funds | money that comes in from a certain tax or fee and then is restricted to a specific use, such as gasoline tax that is used for road maintenance |
| special district | a local government that is responsible for a particular function, such as schools, water, sewerage or parks |
| term limits | restrictions that exist in some states about how long an individual may serve in state or local elected office |
| trust land | land owned by an American Indian nation and designated by the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs as exempt from most state laws and taxes |
| trust relationship | the legal obligation of the federal government to protect the interest of American Indian tribes |
| referendum | an election whereby the state legislature submits proposed legislation or state constitutional amendments to the voters for approval |
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