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Neuroscience I
Neuroscience- Chapter 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Standard Consolidation Theory? | Memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical storage system. |
| What is the Multiple Trace Theory? | Retained memories become progressively more resistant to disruption by hippocampal damage each time a similar experience occurs or the original memory is recalled |
| What is an engram? | A change in the brain that stores a memory |
| Describe the delayed-non matching-to-sample test performed by Gaffan and Mishkin and Delacour with monkeys with bilateral medial temporal lobectomies. | -distinctive object presented to monkey with food underneith -delay occurs, then novel object along with the original sample object presented -monkey must displace novel object -must therefore remember sample object |
| Differentiate between the functions of the hippicampus and the perirhinal cortex. | The hippocampus plays a role in spatial cognition and the perirhinal cortex plays a role in object recognition |
| Differentiate between reference and working memory. | Reference memory is the memory for the general principles and skills that are required to perform a task, and working memory is the temporary memory that is necessary for successful performance of a task on which one is currently working |
| What is the Morris Water Maze Test? | Rat is placed into a different location each time in a pool of murky water. There is a platform just bemeith the surface at the same location on each trial. Intact rats learn quickly how to get to the platform;rats with hippocampal lesions have difficulty |
| What is the radial arm maze test? | Several arms radiate from a central starting chamber and some of the arms are baited with food. Intact rats readily learn to visit only those arms that contain food without visiting the same arm more than once; hippocampal lesioned rats have difficulty |
| What are place cells? | Neurons that respond only when a subject is in a specific place (i.e. when a rat familiarizes itself with its environment while placed into a pool of water and has neurons that fire when it is placed in a specific location of the pool) |
| What is the Cognitive Map Theory? | Hippocampus constructs and stores alocentric maps of the external world from the sensory input that it receives; hippocampus plays role in episodic memory because spacial context plays critical role in acquiring/recalling memory from a given episode |
| What is the conficural association theory? | Hippocampus plays a role in retention of behavioural significance of combinations of stimuli but not of individual stimuli |
| Tell me some things about the inferotemporal cortex. (i.e. where it is located, function, significance to memory storage) | -cortex of the inferior lobe -involved in the visual perception of objects, is thought to participate in concert with the perirhinal cortex in storing memories of visual patterns |
| What is the function of the amygdala? | -plays a role in memory for experience with emotional significance |
| What is the function of the prefrontal cortex? Where is it located? | -located anterior to the motor cortex -seems to play a role in memory of temporal order of events (i.e. patients with prefrontal damage have difficulties with working memory) -no one strict function; still unknown |
| What is the significance of the cerebellum in memory storage? | thought to participate in storage of memories of learned sensorimotor skills through its various neuroplasmic mechanisms |
| What is the significance of the striatum in memory storage? | thought to store memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses- the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials |
| What is long term potentianation? | facilitation of synaptic transmission following high frequency electrical stimulation applied to presynaptic neurons |
| What is Hebb's postulate for learning? | When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing at B,is increased |
| What is the difference between learning and memory? | Learning deals with how past experience has made changes in the brain whereas memory deals with how these changes are stored and subsequently reactivated |
| What is amnesia? | Any pathological loss of memory |
| Differentiate between a lobectomy and a lobotomy. | A lobectomy is an operation in which a lobe or a major part of one is removed from the brain whereas a lobotomy is an operation in which a lobe or a major part of one is separated from the rest of the brain by a large cut but is not removed |
| Differentiate between anterograde and retrograde amnesia. | Retrograde amnesia patients cannot recall events happening before the accident that inflicted the memory loss whereas anterograde amnesia refers to loss of ability to recollect events happening after the incident |
| What is a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy? | Removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes (hippocampus, amygdala and adjacent cortex) |
| Define memory consolidation | The transfer of short term memories to long term storage |
| Differentiate between explicit and implicit memory | Explicit memories are conscious memories, whereas implicit memories are expressed by improved test performance for example, without conscious awareness |
| What are repetition priming tests? Give and explain an example of one. | -tests developed to assess implicit memory -example: incomplete pictures test (5 "levels" of pictures, 1 is most scattered 5 is best quality, start at level one and test how long it takes for subject to recognize the drawing) |
| Differentiate between semantic and episodic memories | Semantic memories are explicit memories for general facts or information whereas episodic memories are explicit memories for particular events or experiences of one's life |
| What is the Korsakoff's syndrome? | -disorder largely attributable to brain damage caused by thiamine deficiency -in advanced stages characterized by variety of sensory and motor problems, extreme confusion, personality changes and risk of death from liver/heart/gastrointestinal disorder |
| Tell me some things about Alzeimers disease. | -subset of amnesia - |
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trzedean
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