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Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Salivary Glands | Glands that secrete a clear, viscous fluid, that helps keep oral mucosa moist as well as lubricating food so that it is easier to swallow. |
| Esophagus | Muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach |
| Mastication | Chewing |
| Deglutition | Swallowing |
| Peritoneum | Large serous membrane that envelopes the abdominal cavity and major digestive organs |
| Ingestion | Process of orally taking materials into the body |
| Stomach | Hollow organ located between the lower esophageal sphincter and pyloric sphincter |
| Defecation | Process of eliminating indigestible or un absorbed material from the body |
| Peristalsis | Rhythmic contraction that mixes and propel products of digestion along the gastrointestinal tract |
| Absorption | Process by which molecules from the digestive tract move into the blood stream or lymph vessels and then into cells |
| GI tract or Alimentary Canal | Long tube that starts at the mouth, extends through the body and ends at the anus |
| Digestion | Mechanical and chemical processes that break food down into simple ,molecules. |
| Small intestine | The longest portion of the GI tract. The coiled tube is bound at both ends by sphincters ; the pyloric sphincter and the ileocecal sphincter. |
| Plicae circulares | Lumen of the small intestines possess circular folds. |
| villi | Finger like projections that house blood and lymph capillaries. |
| Microvillii | Present along the surface of the villi, giving the intestines a velvety appearance. |
| Goblet cells | Found in the spaces between some of the villi |
| Lacteals | Assist in the absorption of fat |
| Duodenum | The shortest portion making up the first 10-12 inches. Contains ducts from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. |
| Jejunum | The walls of the jejunum are slightly thicker than those of the ileum and the jejunum possesses a smaller lumen. |
| Ileum | The last 12 ft of the small intestine, stops at the ileocecal sphincter. |
| Brunners glands | Secrete alkaline mucus |
| Enterocrinin | Stimulates the flow of intestinal juice |
| Cholecystokinin | Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder. |
| Secretin | Stimulates the pancreas to secrete an alkaline liquid that neutralizes the acid chyme. |
| What is chyme? | a semiliquid substance broken down by gastric juice and a bolus. |
| What does the stomach's lining contain? | Rugae that enable it to expand as food is ingested. |
| Pharynx | Throat |
| What is the nasopharynx? | Contains openings to the eustachian tubes which help to equalize pressure in the head, nose, and pharynx. |
| Oropharynx | Portion of the throat you can see that includes the tonsils |
| Laryngopharynx | Begins at the hyoid bone and separates into the esophagus and larynx. |
| Sphincter | A ring of muscle that remains contracted or closed until triggered to relax and open |
| What produces pepsinogen? | Chief cells |
| What is pepsin? | An inactive form to prevent the stomach's lining from eroding from pepsin'is protein digestion. |
| Large intestine | The final route that undigested and unabsorbed food takes before it is eliminated by the body. Forms and stores feces. |
| Cecum | The first portion of the colon. A small saclike structure located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. |
| Vermiform appendix | Suspended from and opening into the inferior portion. It's 3 inches and contains lymphatic tissue |
| Ascending colon | next segment of the colon |
| Hepatic flexure | Continues from the cecum upward and curves toward the left just beneath the liver. |
| Transverse colon | The colon moves horizontally from right to left draping to form |
| Descending colon | Extends from the splenic flexure to about the top of the iliac crest |
| Sigmoid colon | The s shaped begins at the flexure and continues to the middle of the abdomen where it joins the rectum, |
| Rectum | Essentially a straight continuation of the sigmoid colon beginning at about the level of s3 and terminates at the anus, |
| Functions of the liver | Metabolizes amino acids, breaks down fatty acids and stores the fat as fuel for later use, stores nutrients ; copper, iron, and vitamins A, b12, D, E, and K. Produces antibodies. Detoxifies the blood by removing, toxins, drugs, and hormones |
| Bile | Physically breaks apart large fat globules into smaller ones which provides a larger surface area for the fat digesting enzyme to work. Gives urine and stool their color. |
| Gallbladder | Pear shaped sac that lies on the inferior surface of the liver. Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver |
| Pancreas | A carrot shapes organ located behind the stomach, connected to the duodenum by ducts. Produces enzymes that break down all categories of digestible foods, including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. |
| Pancreatic lipase | Helps convert fats into fatty acids |
| Which digestive enzyme breaks down carbohydrates? | Amylase |
| Which digestive enzyme breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids! | Lipase |
| Which digestive enzyme is produced by the stomachs chief cells that break down proteins? | Pepsin |
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