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Psych 105
Psych 105 - Chapter 12, 14 & 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | Branch of psychology that studies how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment |
| Sense of Self | An individual's unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural and psychological experiences; your sense of who you are in relation to other people |
| Social Cognition | The mental processes people use to make sense of their social environments |
| Social Influence | The effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior |
| Person Perception | The mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other people |
| Social Norms | The "rules" or expectations for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation |
| Social Categorization | The mental process of categorizing people into groups (or social categories) on the basis of their shared characteristics |
| Explicit Cognition | Deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions and reasoning |
| Implicit Cognition | Automatic, non-conscious mental processes that influence perceptions, judgments, decisions and reasoning |
| Implicit Personality Theory | A network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits and behaviors |
| Attribution | The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior including one's own. Also refers to the explanation made for a particular behavior |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency to attribute the behavior of other to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors; an attributional bias that is common in individualistic cultures |
| Blaming the Victim | The tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it |
| Hindsight Bias | The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event |
| Just-World Hypothesis | The assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| Self-Serving Bias | The tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one's own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes |
| Attitude | A learned tendency to evaluate some object, person or issue in a particular way; such evaluations may be positive, negative or ambivalent |
| Cognitive Dissonance | An unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal (dissonance) that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions (cognitions) are inconsistent; typically results from the awareness that attitudes and behavior are in conflict |
| Prejudice | A negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group |
| Stereotype | A cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group |
| In-Group | A social group to which one belongs |
| Out-Group | A social group to which one does not belong |
| Out-Group Homogeneity Effect | The tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to one another |
| In-Group Bias | The tendency to judge the behavior of in-group members favorably and out-group members unfavorably |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others and the related tendency to use one's own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures |
| Implicit Attitudes | Preferences and biases toward particular groups that are automatic, spontaneous, unintentional and often unconscious; measured with the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) |
| Conformity | Adjusting your opinions, judgments or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation |
| Normative Social Influence | Behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval |
| Informational Social Influence | Behavior that is motivated by the desire to be correct |
| Obedience | The performance of a behavior in response to a direct command |
| Altruism | Helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit |
| Prosocial Behavior | Any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless |
| Bystander Effect | A phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | A phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that an individual will help someone is distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers |
| Social Loafing | The tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort |
| Social Facilitation | The tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance |
| Deindividuation | The reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is a part of a group whose members feel anonymous |
| Persuasion | The deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes or behavior of another person in a situation in which that person has some freedom of choice |
| Psychopathology | The scientific study of the origins, symptoms and development of psychological disorders |
| Psychological Disorder or Mental Disorder | A pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of life or both |
| DSM-5 | Abbreviation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders |
| Anxiety | An unpleasant emotional state characterized by physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension and worry |
| Anxiety Disorders | A category of psychological disorders in which extreme anxiety is the main diagnostic feature and causes significant disruptions in the person's cognitive, behavioral or interpersonal functioning |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety; also called free-floating anxiety; Lasts at least 6 months |
| Panic Attack | A sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity |
| Panic Disorder | An anxiety disorder in which the person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks |
| Agoraphobia | An anxiety disorder involving extreme fear of experiencing a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms in a public situation where escape in impossible and help in unavailable |
| Phobia | A persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity |
| Specific Phobia | An excessive, intense and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is actively avoided or endured with marked anxiety |
| Social Anxiety Disorder | An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged or scrutinized by others in social situations |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | A disorder triggered by exposure to a highly traumatic event which results in recurrent, involuntary and intrusive memories of the event; avoidance of stimuli and situations associated with the event; negative changes in thoughts, moods, and emotions; |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Disorder characterized by the presence of intrusive, repetitive and unwanted thoughts(obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform (compulsions) |
| Obsessions | Repeated, intrusive and uncontrollable irrational thoughts or mental images that cause extreme anxiety and distress |
| Compulsions | Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety and distress or to prevent a dreaded event or situation |
| Major Depressive Disorder | A disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physical functioning |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) | A disorder in which episodes of depression typically occur during the fall and winter and subside during the spring and summer |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) | A disorder involving chronic, low-grade feelings of depression that produce subjective discomfort but do not seriously impair the ability to function |
| Bipolar Disorder | A disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement; formally called manic depression |
| Manic Disorder | A sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy and rapid thoughts and speech |
| Cyclothymic Disorder | A disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder |
| Eating Disorder | A category of mental disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior |
| Anorexia Nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body self-perception |
| Bulimia Nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or other inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food and prevent weight gain |
| Personality Disorder | Inflexible, maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, behavior, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations, and the deviate from the expectations of the individual's culture |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder | A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of the motives of others without sufficient basis |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others; such individuals are also often referred to as psychopaths or sociopaths |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | A personality disorder characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions and marked impulsivity |
| Dissociative Experience | A break or disruption in consciousness during which awareness, memory and personal identity become separated or divided |
| Dissociative Disorders | A category of psychological disorders in which extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory and personal identity impair the ability to function |
| Dissociative Amnesia | A dissociative disorder involving the partial or total inability to recall important personal information |
| Dissociative Fugue | A type of dissociative amnesia involving sudden and unexpected travel away from home, extensive amnesia and identity confusion |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) | A dissociative disorder involving extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities, or "personalities"; formerly called multiple personality disorder |
| Schizophrenia | A psychological disorder in which the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions and thought processes |
| Positive Symptoms | In schizophrenia, symptoms that reflect excesses or distortions of normal functioning, including delusions, hallucinations and disorganized thoughts and behavior |
| Negative Symptoms | In schizophrenia, symptoms that reflect defects or deficits in normal functioning, including flat affect, alogia and avolition |
| Delusion | A falsely held belief that persists despite compelling contradictory evidence |
| Hallucinations | A false or distorted perception that seems vividly real to the person experiencing it |
| Dopamine Hypothesis | The view that schizophrenia is related to and may be caused by excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain |
| Psychotherapy | The treatment of emotional, behavioral and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors or relationships |
| Biomedical Therapies | The use of medications, electroconvulsive therapy or other medical treatments to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders; aimed to reduce symptoms, not cure them |
| Psychoanalysis | A type of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud in which free association, dream interpretation and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties and internal conflicts |
| Free Association | A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings and mental images as they come to mind, as a way of revealing unconscious thoughts and emotions |
| Resistance | In psychoanalysis, the patient's unconscious attempts to block the revelation of repressed memories and conflicts |
| Dream interpretation | A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams in analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings and motivations |
| Interpretation | A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the psychoanalyst offers a carefully timed explanation of the patient's dreams, free associations or behaviors to facilitate the recognition of unconscious conflicts or motivations |
| Transference | In psychoanalysis, the process by which emotions and desires originally associated with a significant person in the patient's life, such as a parent, are unconsciously transferred onto he psychoanalyst |
| Short-Term Dynamic Therapies | Type of psychotherapy that is based on psychoanalytic theory but differs in that it is typically time-limited, has specific goals, and involves an active, rather than neutral, role for the therapist |
| Interpersonal therapy (IPT) | A brief, psychodynamic psychotherapy that focuses on current relationships and is based on the assumption that symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal problems |
| Client-Centered Therapy | A type of psychotherapy developed by humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers in which the therapist is nondirective and reflective, and the client directs the focus of each therapy session; also called person-centered therapy |
| Behavior Therapy | A type of psychotherapy that focuses on directly changing maladaptive behavior patterns by using basic learning principles and techniques; also called behavior modification |
| Counterconditioning | A behavior therapy technique based on classical conditioning that involves modifying behavior by conditioning a new response that is incompatible with a previously learned response |
| Systematic Desensitization | A type of behavior therapy in which phobic responses are reduced by pairing relaxation with a series of mental images or real-life situations that the person finds progressively more fear-provoking; based on the principle of counterconditioning |
| Aversive Conditioning | A relatively ineffective type of behavior therapy that involves repeatedly pairing an aversive stimulus with the occurrence of undesirable behaviors or thoughts |
| Token Economy | A form of behavior therapy in which the therapeutic environment is structured to reward desired behaviors with tokens or points that may eventually be exchanged for tangible rewards |
| Cognitive Therapies | A group of psychotherapies based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to illogical patterns of thinking; treatment techniques focus on recognition and altering these unhealthy thinking patterns |
| Rational-Emotional Therapy (RET) | A type of cognitive therapy, developed by psychologist Albert Ellis, that focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs; aimed to change common thinking patterns |
| Cognitive Therapy (CT) | Therapy developed by Aaron T. Beck that focuses on changing the client's unrealistic, irrational & maladaptive beliefs |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Therapy that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques and that is based on the assumption that thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated |
| Group Therapy | A form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working simultaneously with a small group of clients |
| Family Therapy | A form of psychotherapy that is based on the assumption that the family is a system and that treats the family as a unit |
| Eclecticism | The pragmatic and integrated use of techniques from different psychotherapies |
| Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) | Therapy in which the client holds vivid mental image of a troubling event/situation which rapidly moving his/her eyes back and forth in response to the therapist's waving finger or while the therapist administers some other form of bilateral stimulation |
| Exposure Therapy | Behavioral therapy for phobias, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or related anxiety disorders in which the person is repeatedly exposed to the disturbing object or situation under controlled conditions |
| Psychotropic Medications | Drugs that alter mental functions, alleviate psychological symptoms, and are used to treat psychological or mental disorders |
| Antipsychotic Medications | Prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia; also called neuroleptics |
| Atypical Antipsychotic Medications | Newer antipsychotic medications that, in contrast to the early antipsychotic drugs, block dopamine receptors in brain regions associated with psychotic symptoms rather than more globally throughout the brain, resulting in fewer side effects |
| Antianxiety Medications | Prescription drugs that are used to alleviate the symptoms of anxiety |
| Lithium | A naturally occurring substance that is used in the treatment of bipolar disorder |
| Antidepressant Medications | Prescription drugs that are used to reduced the symptoms associated with major depressive disorder |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | Class of antidepressant medications that increase the availability of serotonin in the brain and cause fewer side effects that earlier anitdepressants; they include Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) | A biomedical therapy used primarily in the treatment of major depressive disorder that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure; also called electroshock therapy; very effective in short term; treatment resistant (RT) patients |
| What does your first impression of someone tell you? (5 characteristics) And in how much time? | Attractiveness, competence, aggressiveness, trustworthy & likeability. In one tenth (1/10th) of a second. |
| What 4 things explain the ATTRIBUTION behavior | Blaming the victim, hindsight bias, self-serving bias, self effacing bias and fundamental attribution error |
| WSU Counseling Services address | 280 Lighty Student Services Building - 509-335-4511 |
| The 4 D's | Deviance, Dysfunction, Distress & Danger |
| Examples of conformity studies | Elevator, picture with 3 lines |
| How does attractiveness alter personal perception | They are perceived to be smarter, happier, have a better job, better marriage, be better adjusted and have an overall better life |
| 3 characteristics of anxiety disorder | Irrational, uncontrollable & disruptive |
| Obsession vs. Compulsion | Obsessions are thoughts that cause anxiety & compulsions are repetitive behaviors that cause anxiety |
| 4 main types of specific phobias | Situational (airplace), Natural features (lightening), Injury (needles), Animal/Insects (snakes) |
| Situations where PTSD is more likely to occur (susceptibility) | Wars, fires, floods - Family history, multiple traumas, magnitude of trauma |
| Psychotherapy vs. Biomedical Therapy (goals/treatment) | Psychotherapy = counseling - Biomedical = prescription medication |
| Psychodynamic vs. Humanistic Approach (goals/treatment) | Psychodynamic = dream analysis, interpretation (Goal=recognize work through & resolve)- Humanistic = nondirective, unconditional understanding (Goal= develop self-awareness) |
| How does lithium work and what does it work for | Stabilizes glutamate release and is used for bipolar (manic & depressive) |
| Advantages/Disadvantages of Antidepressants | Helps with depression & anxiety; side effects= high BP, weight gain, dry mouth, suicide ideas, sexual dysfunction |
| 4 characteristics of anorexia | 1) Refusal to maintain a normal body weight, 2) Fear of gaining weight, 3) Body dismorphic disorder & 4) Denial |
| 3 characteristics of bulimia | 1) Episodes of binge eating, 2) Inability to stop or control eating behavior & 3) Episodes of purging |
| 4 types of schizophrenia | 1) Paranoid, 2) Catatonic, 3) Disorganized & 4) Undifferentiated |
| Phobia vs. Fear | Fear is an emotional response and phobia is the same, with the addition of extreme anxiety |
| Examples of antianxiety (anxiolytics) | Benzodiazepines = Xanax, Valium |
| Prozac or Paxil | Type of antidepressants -1 |
| Zoloft or Celexa | Type of antidepressants -2 |
| Group Therapy Advantages | Cost effective, added support & encouragement, observable interactions w/ others, practical advice & security/comfort |
| About how likely is it that an individual will develop a psychological disorder in his/her lifetime | About 50% |
| Kessler said what percentage of people with symptoms of a mental disorder received no treatment in the last year | 59% |
| What percentage of people will experience major depression in a lifetime | 15% |
| Percentage of women that have eating disorders | 90-95% |
| The 3 clusters | Odd, dramatic & anxious |
| The 3 clusters - Odd = which disorder | Paranoid, schizoid & schizotypal |
| The 3 clusters - Dramatic = which disorder | Anti-social, borderline, histrionic & narcissistic |
| The 3 clusters - Anxious - which disorder | Avoidant, dependant & obsessive-compulsive |
| The humanistic psychologist | Carl Rogers |
| The psychodynamic psychologist | Sigmund Freud |
| Best resolution/helper for depression | Exercise |
| Concerns with ECT (ElectroConvulsive Therapy) | Extensive amnesia, disturbances in language, relapse is common after 4 months, has to be done 2-3 times a week for up to 7 weeks |
| DBS | Deep Brain Stimulation |
| What does DBS (Deep Brain Stimulation) help | Parkinson's, OCD, depression, epilepsy, tourettes, chronic pain |
| Area 25 | Part of brain that is most stimulated (by DBS) |
| Advantages/Disadvantages of DBS (Deep Brain Stimulation) | A = instant results & D = expensive & brain surgery |
| ECT | Electoconvulsive Therapy |
| PTSD | Post Traumatic Stress Disorder |
| DID | Dissociative Identity Disorder |
| EMDR | Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing |
| CBT | Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
| CT | Cognitive Therapy |
| RET | Rational-Emotional Therapy |
| IPT | Interpersonal therapy |
| SAD | Seasonal Affective Disorder |
| OCD | Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
| GAD | Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
| DSM-5 | Diagnostic Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition |
| Neurotransmitter DA | Dopamine |
| Neurotransmitter 5-HT | Serotonine |
| TR | Treatment Resistant |
| If someone falls right in front of you and you immediately think 'what an idiot', this would be | Fundamental Attribution Error |
| Buyers remorse would be an example of | Cognitive Dissonance |
| If you went to the Post Office, you wouldn't cut to the beginning of the line, this would be | Social Norms |
| Someone drops coffee right in front of you and you immediately think 'well if he wasn't walking so fast', this would be | Blaming The Victim |
| Someone falls in front of you and you immediately say 'I knew that was going to happen', this would be | Hindsight Bias |
| Anxiety vs. Anxiety Disorder | Anxiety is a normal, adaptive trait, where as Anxiety Disorder is maladaptive, disruptive & inappropriate |
| Panic Attack vs. Panic Disorder | PA= you feel a loss of control, you get anxious and your heart rate increases, PD= Having frequent panic attacks |
| Criticisms with DSM-5 | Arbitrary cut off and it does not take cultural differences in to account |
| A rotten kid grows up to be a lying manipulative adult, this would be | Antisocial Personality Disorder |
| Negative symptoms of schizophrenia | Slow & monotonous speech |
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia | Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech & behavior |
| If a person will go for a day or two with lots of energy, euphoria and very little sleep, this would be | Manic Episodes |
| Manic episodes that last for a week or more are symptoms of | Bipolar Disorder |
| Your therapist is telling you that your fear is silly, that you need to let it go & is almost argumentative with you, this would be | Rational Emotion Therapy |
| Your therapist exposes you to what your fear is snakes (first you see a picture, then you see one in person, then you touch one) this would be | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
| Biomedical therapy for Bipolar | Lithium |
| Depression that lasts longer than 6 months | Major Depression |
| If you really don't care how a situation will make another person feel or how they will view it, you would have | Borderline Personality |
| Experiment where they try to see how far a person will go to obey the instructions even if it means hurting the "learner" | Milgram Experiment |
| 1 in 3 people take this medication | Antidepressants |
| There is a tree-hugger hugging a tree, what is "affective" in this example | Having a warm & fuzzy feeling about trees |
| There is a tree-hugger hugging a tree, what is "cognitive" in this example | Saying I love trees |
| There is a tree-hugger hugging a tree, what is "behavioral" in this example | Hugging the tree |
| Seeing a tree-hugger litter papers on the ground would be | Cognitive Dissonance (when 2 feelings collide) |
| Stereotype vs. Prejudice | Stereotype is natural thinking, Prejudice is when that natural thinking causes harm to a person or group |
| Self-Effacing Bias | Tending to make oneself, one's actions, etc, inconspicuous, esp because of humility or timidity; modest |
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