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CHAP 8 Psych

CHAP 8

QuestionAnswer
Cognition Mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge.
Mental Image Mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, motor, or gustatory imagery. (e.g. seeing a train and hearing it's horn).
Concept Mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics.
Prototype A representation of the best or most typical example of a category (e.g. baseball is a prototype of the concept of sports).
Algorithm A set of steps that if followed correctly will eventually solve the problem.
Heuristics Strategies, or simple rules, used in a problem solving and decision making that do not guarantee a solution but offer a likely shortcut to it.
Mental Set Persisting in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past rather than trying new ones.
Functional Fixedness Tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usual or customary way.
Confirmation Bias Preferring information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence.
Availability Heuristic Judging teh likelihood of an event based on how readily available other instances of the event are in memory.
Representativeness Heuristic Estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match our previous prototype.
Creativity The ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way.
Divergent Thinking Thinking that produces many alternatives or ideas; a major element of creativity. (e.g. finding as many uses possible for a paper clip).
Convergent Thinking Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge an a single correct answer (e.g. standard academic tests generally require convergent thinking).
Language Form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules.
Phoneme Smallest basic unit of speech or sound.
Morpheme Smallest meaningful unit of language, formed from a combination of phonemes.
Grammar Rules that specify how phonemes, morphemes, words, and phrases should be combined to express thoughts.
Syntax Grammatical rules that specify how words and phrases should be arranged in a sentence to convey meaning.
Semantics Meaning, or the study of meaning, derived from words and word combination.
Cooing Vowel-like sounds infants produce beginning around 2-3 months.
Babbling Vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin to produce at about 4 to 6 months of age.
Overextension Overly broad use of a word to include objects that don't fit the word's meaning (e.g. calling all men daddy).
Telegraphic Speech Two or three word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words.
Overgeneralize Applying the basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule. (e.g. saying mans instead of men).
Language Acuisition Device LAD An innate mechanism that enables a child to analyze language and extract the basic rules of grammar.
Intelligence Global capacity to think rationally, act puposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.
Fluid Intelligence Aspects of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing, that are relatively independent of education and tend to decline as people age.
Crystallized Intelligence Knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that tend to increase over the life span.
Standardization Establishment of the norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test.
Reliability A measure of the consistency and stability of test scores when the test is readministered.
Validity Ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.
Savant Syndrome A condition in which a person with mental retadation exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field.
Stereotype Threat Negative stereotype about minority groups cause some members to doubt their abilities.
Created by: 1254921603
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