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Exam 2
Neuroscience 5e Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| I am a patient presenting with difficulty performing work at my job as a house painter. When you ask me to hand you a pen, you notice that I have random jerks and my family says they are concerned about new angry outbursts. What is a probable diagnosis? | Huntington's Disease |
| I am a patient presenting with difficulty performing work at my job as a house painter. When you ask me to hand you a pen, it seems that I have difficulty initiating movement to pick up the pen. What is a probable diagnosis? | Parkinson's Disease |
| I am a patient presenting with difficulty performing work at my job as a house painter. When you ask me to hand you a pen, I reach for it right away, but have trouble only when I am about to pick it up. What is a probable diagnosis? | Intention Tremor |
| I am a patient presenting with difficulty performing work at my job as a house painter. When you ask me to hand you a pen, it seems that I have significant muscle wasting. What is a probable diagnosis? | Lower Motor Neuron Damage |
| I am a patient presenting with difficulty performing work at my job as a house painter. When you ask me to hand you a pen, it seems that my hand is drooping and I am unaware of it. What is a probable diagnosis? | Upper Motor Neuron Damage |
| What is the last pathway an impulse must travel to innervate a muscle? | Lower Motor Neuron |
| I am a neuron in an area of the brain that regulates the activity of upper motor neurons. In what part(s) of the brain might I be located? | Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia |
| I am an afferent neuron that monitors the force exerted by a muscle. What might I be called? | A Golgi organ |
| I am an afferent neuron that monitors the stretch of a muscle. What might I be called? | muscle spindle |
| What reflex helps you hold a glass while it is filled with a liquid? How does this reflex work? | The stretch reflex is a coordinated, rapid contraction and relaxation of antagonistic muscles. |
| I am a region of the brainstem that can trigger locomotion and control speed of movement by changing the amount of input to the spinal cord. What am I? | The mesencephalic locomotor region. |
| I am a single neuron that innervates a muscle fiber. What am I? | A motor neuron. |
| I am a group of neurons that innervate a muscle. What am I? | A motor neuron pool. |
| I am a motor neuron and the innervated muscle fiber. What am I? | A motor unit. |
| I am embedded in muscle and I sense the stretch of the muscle I am in. What am I? | A muscle spindle. |
| What is the steady level of tension in a muscle called? | Tone |
| I am a section of the brain anterior to the primary motor cortex, in Brodman's area 4. What am I? | The premotor cortex. |
| I am a motor unit composed of red fibers with lots of mitochondria. I am resistant to fatigue. What am I? | A slow (S) motor unit. |
| I am located in the cortex and I communicate with interneurons that lead to motor neurons located in the limbs and trunk. What am I? | An upper motor neuron. |
| I am located in the arm and I innervate a muscle. What am I? | A lower motor neuron. |
| I contain Purkinjie cells. What am I? | The cerebellum. |
| I am made of medium spiny neurons. What am I? | The caudate or the putamen, the input portion of the Basal Ganglia. |
| My cell body is located in the spinal cord and I innervate a muscle. What am I? | A lower motor neuron. |
| My cell body is located in the brainstem or the cerebral cortex and I synapse with a local circuit neuron. What am I? | An upper motor neuron. |
| I am a section of the brain posterior to the premotor cortex, in Brodman's area 6. What am I? | The primary motor cortex. |
| I happens without communication to the brain and I protect the body from harm, such as stepping on a tack. What am I? | A flexion reflex pathway. |
| I am a disease with no treatment and no cure. I preferentially degenerate the motor neurons, probably because they are so long. I cause progressive weakness but my victims are aware of the changes and suffer no cognitive decline. What am I? | ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease. |
| I am a neuron in the medial spinal cord and I am part of a motor circuit. What part of the body and what functions am I likely to control? | The middle, the trunk, posture. |
| I am a neuron in the lateral spinal cord and I am part of a motor circuit. What part of the body and what functions am I likely to control? | The limbs or the periphery, a skilled movement like writing. |
| I control rotational acceleration of the head, the proximal muscles of the limbs, and I am located in the pons. What subcortical source of upper motor neurons am I? | The vestibular nuclei. |
| I innervate neural circuits of the reticular formation, I control axial musculature of the neck, and I orient movements of the head and eyes. What subcortical source of upper motor neurons am I? | The superior colliculus. |
| I am difficult to subdivide anatomically and I control temporal and spatial coordination of limb and trunk movements, eye movement coordination, and several other tasks. What subcortical source of upper motor neurons am I? | The reticular formation. |
| You are taking piano lessons and are invited to watch a piano recital on television at a friend's home. When you see someone else play piano, I am excited, just as though you were playing piano. What type of neuron might I be? | A mirror motor neuron. |
| The resting tension of a muscle is dependent on what? | The level of discharge of alpha motor neurons. |
| I am a football player with a head injury and I just stood up from being tackled. I have spinal shock affecting my left arm. What is my left arm doing? | Nothing. The initial period of hypertonia with acute upper motor neuron damage leads to inital paralysis of the limb. |
| I control the movement of the face responsible for producing speech, what area of the brain am I? | Broca's area, Brodman's areas 44 and 45 |
| Where do the neurons in the corticobulbar tract begin and and? | They begin in the cortex and end in the brainstem. |
| Where do the neurons in the corticalspinal tract begin and end? | They begin in the cortex and end in the spine. |
| What is the laminated structure that forms part of the midbrain called? | The superior colliculus. |
| What is the network of neurons that occupies the core of the brainstorm and controls respiration, heart rate, and state of consciousness called? | The reticular formation. |
| I am made up of the corpus striatum, the globus pallidus, and the substantial nigra. What am I? | The basal ganglia. |
| What are two parts of the corpus striatum? | The caudate and the putamen. |
| Which disease is characterized by hyperkinesis, is inherited, causes emotional changes, has no treatment and no cure? | Huntington's Disease |
| Which disease is characterized by hypokinesis and may be treated with deep brain stimulation or gene therapy? | Parkinson's Disease |
| You just received a brain in your pathology lab and you are tasked with identifying the disease the patient may have suffered. The caudate and putamen are seriously degenerated. What disease do you think may this patient have had? | Huntington's Disease |
| You just received a brain in your pathology lab and you are tasked with identifying the disease the patient may have suffered. A slice of the substantia nigra that you just took is almost white. What disease do you think this patient had? | Parkinson's Disease |
| What is the portion of the cerebellum that receives input directly from the spinal cord called? What does it control? | The spinocerebellum controls movement of distal muscles. |
| What is the portion of the cerebellum that controls skilled movements called? Where does it receive input from? | The cerebrocerebellum receives input from the cortex. |
| What is the portion of the cerebellum that maintains posture and equilibrium called? Where does it receive input from? | The vestibulocerebellum receives input from vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. |
| You are at a restaurant with a rotating sushi track. Your favorite eel roll is on a bright yellow plate and you want to catch it, but you don't want to miss and get the pink plate of dancing octopus. Explain how your cerebellum can help. | The cerebellum performs error checking and can adjust the trajectory of movement if a miss is projected. Even if the target is missed, the cerebellum will use the miss to adjust future movements and make them more precise. |
| What part of the cerebellum is composed of the dentate nucleus, interposed nuclei, and fastigial nucleus? | Deep cerebellar nuclei |
| What part of the cerebellum is composed of the cerebrocerebellum, the spinocerebellum, and the vestibulocerebellum? | Cerebellar cortex |
| What are the parts of the cerebellar peduncles? | Superior Peduncle, Middle Peduncle, and Inferior Peduncle |
| If your eyes have trouble focusing on a target and saccade back to the target after drifting from it, you may be experiencing what? | Nystagmus |
| What types of local circuit neurons are located in the molecular layer of the cerebellum? | Stellate cells and Basket cells |
| The body of what cell is located in the Purkinjie layer of the cerebellum? | Purkinjie cells |
| What types of cells are located in the granule layer of the cerebellum? | Granule cells, Golgi cells, |
| What portion of the brainstem provides input to the cerebellum and plays a role in learning and memory functions? | Inferior Olive |
| What cell is located in the granule layer and receives input from the parallel fibers? | Golgi cells |
| What is the median portion of the cerebellar hemisphere that runs along the midline called? | Vermis |
| What are the axons of the cells in the pontine nuclei called? Where do they go? | Transverse pontine fibers cross the mdiline and enter the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle. |
| These connect the cerebellum with other parts of the nervous system. | Cerebellar peduncles |
| I am a part of the oldest portion of the cerebellum and I help to maintain equilibrium. What might I be? | Flocculus or nodulus |
| I am a part of the caudal medulla and I send axons into the spinocerebellum. What might I be? | External cuneate nucleus |
| I am a part of the trigeminal complex that inputs proprioceptive signals of the face to the spinocerebellum. What might I be? | Mesencephalic nucleus |
| My soma is located in the base of the contralateral pons and I form the brachium pontis. What might I be? | Pontine nuclei |
| I am a portion of the brain that controls the crawling of babies and the walking gait of quadrupeds. What might I be? | Red nucleus |
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