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Psych. Disorders
Psychological Disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders | Severe mental disorders characterized by a retreat from reality, bu hallucinations and delusions, and by social withdrawal. |
| Depressive disorders | Major mood disturbances involving deep depression. |
| Bipolar and related disorders | Major mood disturbances in which depression alternated with periods of mania, meaning the person is agitated, elated, and hyperactive. |
| Anxiety disorders | Disruptive feelings of fear, apprehension, or anxiety, or distortions in behavior that are directed anxiety related. |
| OCD and related disorders | Extreme preoccupations with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors. |
| Trauma and stressor related disorders | Behavior patterns brought on by traumatic stresses. |
| Dissociative disorders | Temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization. |
| Somatic symptom and related disorders | Physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical cause. |
| Personality disorders | Maladaptive personality patterns |
| Feeding and eating disorders | Difficulty managing food intake such as a life threatening failure to maintain sufficient body weight. |
| Elimination disorders | Difficulty managing the elimination of bodily wastes, for examples difficulty controlling urination. |
| Sleep-wake disorders | Difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, and/or waking up, such as insomnia disorders. |
| Sexual dysfunctions | Problems with sexual desire, arousal, or response. |
| Gender dysphoria | Distress that may occur when gender identity does not match a person's physical sex. |
| Paraphilic disorders | Deviations in sexual behavior such as pedophilia, exhibitionism, fetishism, voyeurism, and so on. |
| Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders | Difficulties of self control, such as oppositional-defiant disorder or pyromania. |
| Substance related disorders | Abuse of or dependence on a mood or behavior-altering drug. |
| Comorbidity (in mental disorders) | The simultaneous presence in a person of two or more mental disorders. |
| Psychopathology | The scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; also maladaptive behavior |
| Statistical abnormality | Abnormality defined on the basis of an extreme score on some dimension, such as IQ or anxiety. |
| Social nonconformity | Failure to conform to societal norms or the usual minimum standards for social conduct. |
| Maladaptive behavior | Behavior arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day to day life. |
| Insanity | A legal term that that refers to a mental inability to manage one's affairs or to be aware of the consequences of one's actions. |
| Mental disorder | A significant impairment in psychological functioning. |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system arising before adulthood. |
| Neurocognitive disorders | Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system not arising until adulthood. |
| Cultural relativity | The idea that judgments are made relative to the values of one’s culture. Women being independent and/or single is looked down upon in some cultures, VS. in others it is welcomed and encouraged. |
| Situational context | The idea that some things are normal and accepted to do in some situations, but strange in others. For example brushing your hair in your bedroom vs brushing your hair at the dinner table. |
| Subjective discomfort/abnormality | Abnormal behavior can be defined by a person's feeling of abnormality, including feelings of anxiety, strangeness, depression, losing touch with reality, or any other sensation recognized and labeled by an individual as out of the ordinary. |
| DSM-V | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Describes specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for psychological disorders. Provides a common language to label mental disorders Comprehensive guidelines to help diagnose mental disorders |
| What are the gender differences (2 for women; 2 for men) in diagnosis? | Women have higher prevalence of depression and anxiety Men have higher prevalence of substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder. This is because of stressors stereotypically associated w/ each gender, and genes related w/ gender. |
| How many Americans will experience the symptoms of a psychological disorder? | 48%, 80% did not seek treatment. |
| Explain the difference between delusions and hallucinations. | Delusions: False beliefs that individuals insist are true, regardless of overwhelming evidence against them Hallucinations: Imaginary sensations, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that do not exist in the real world |
| What are the 3 other characteristics of psychotic disorders? | Flat Affect: Lack of emotional responsiveness; face is frozen in blank expression Disturbed Verbal Communication: Garbled and chaotic speech Word salad Personality Disintegration: Uncoordinated thoughts, actions, and emotions |
| Somatic delusions | such as believing your body is “rotting away” or that it is emitting foul odors (zombie guy) |
| Depressive delusions | in which people feel that they have committed horrible crimes or sinful deeds (woman who insisted she killed her kids, had none) |
| Delusions of grandeur | in which people think they are extremely important (Jesus and Mary) |
| Delusions of influence | in which people feel they are being controlled or influenced by others or by unseen forces (someone put a chip in them and is controlling them) |
| Delusions of persecution | in which people believe that others are “out to get them” (CIA is after them) |
| Delusions of reference | in which people give great personal meaning to unrelated events. For instance, delusional people sometimes think that television programs are giving them a special personal message |
| causes of psychotic disorders | dementia, Alzheimer’s Schizophrenia. Environment, In utero exposure to the flu or measles, Malnutrition during pregnancy, Complications during birth, Early psychological trauma, Disturbed family environment, Heredity, Biochemistry, Brain structure |
| Emotional Symptoms of Depression | sadness, hopelessness, guilt, turning away from others |
| Behavioral Symptoms of Depression | Behavioral—tearfulness, dejected facial expression, loss of interest in normal activities, slowed movements and gestures, withdrawal from social activities |
| Cognitive Symptoms of Depression | difficulty thinking and concentrating, global negativity, preoccupation with death/suicide |
| Physical Symptoms of Depression | appetite and weight changes, excess or diminished sleep, loss of energy, global anxiety, restlessness |
| Major Depression Stats | 15-20% of population will develop clinical depression typically after a negative stressor (death, birth, divorce, firing) 3:1 ratio, women to men Mortality rate (w/out t’ment) = 15% Relapse rate = 20% |
| Major depression characterized as: | Prolonged, very severe symptoms Pasts without remission for at least 2 weeks Global negativity and pessimism Very low self-esteem |
| Dysthymic disorder | Chronic, low-grade depressed feelings that are not severe enough to be major depression, response to trauma, but does not decrease with time. 2+ years. Continuous, symptoms less severe (watered down depression) “blue funk” for extended period |
| Bipolar symptoms | Rollercoaster - severe lows followed by severe highs Major depression followed by “high” – grandiose ideas, flight of ideas, mania Excited, loud, elated, hyperactive, energetic, grandiose behavior |
| Prevalence of Bipolar | 2% of population Onset usually in young adulthood (early twenties) No sex differences in rate of bipolar disorder |
| Pattern of Bipolar | Mood changes more abrupt than in major depression Commonly recurs every few years |
| Treatment of Bipolar | medication (lithium) |
| Biological Explanation for Mood Disorders | inherited, related to a gene that makes one likely to get depressed when stressed, problem w/ NTM associated w/ motivation and arousal, Lack of dopamine (pleasure/reward), Lack of norepinephrine (physical arousal), Lack of/imbalance in serotonin (moods) |
| Situational Explanation for Mood Disorders | Positive correlation between stressful life events and onset of depression Is life stress causal of depression? Most depressogenic life events are losses spouse or companion long-term job health income |
| Cognitive Explanation for Mood Disorders | A.T. Beck: depressed people hold pessimistic views of: (glass is ½ empty), themselves, the world, the future, exaggerate bad experiences, minimize good experiences |
| Hopelessness Theory | depression results from a pattern of thinking, lose hope that life will get better, negative experiences are due to stable, global reasons, e.g., “I didn’t get the job bc I’m stupid and inept” vs. “I didn’t get the job bc the interview didn’t go well” |
| SAD | Seasonal effective disorder. Depression that only occurs during fall and winter May be related to reduced exposure to sunlight |
| Panic Disorder | Panic attacks and sudden anxiety still occur, but with Agoraphobia An intense fear that a panic attack will occur in a public place or unfamiliar situation Avoid places that frighten them—such as crowds, open roads, supermarkets, automobiles |
| Symptoms of Panic Disorder | Panic Attack: Feels like one is having a heart attack, going to die, or is going insane Symptoms include vertigo, chest pain, choking, fear of losing control Very frightening - sufferers live in fear of having them |
| Prevalence of PD | 2-6% of population has this problem |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | Extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors |
| Obsession in OCD | Recurring images or thoughts that a person cannot prevent Cause anxiety and extreme discomfort Enter into consciousness against the person’s will Most common: Checking, washing (person recognizes that the obsessions are a product of his/her mind) |
| Compulsion in OCD | Irrational acts they r compelled to repeat against his/her will. performed to alleviate obsessions; covert/overt rituals; meaningless actions reduce anxiety. Check & wash most common compulsions, negatively reinforced (person doesn’t die, get sick, etc.) |
| Stats and Onset of OCD | Onset is gradual; average age of onset – early adolescence 90% effectively treated; 20% relapse |
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder | Caused by trauma perceived as life threatening or causing serious injury to self or others, & produces extreme fear, helplessness or horror |
| Cognitive Symptoms of PTSD | frequent recollection of traumatic event, often intrusive and interfering with normal thoughts (hallucinations, delusions, flashbacks) |
| Physiological Symptoms of PTSD | increased physical arousal associated with stress (sleep difficulties, irritability/outbursts, hypervigilence, increased startle response, difficulty concentrating) |
| Behavioral Symptoms of PTSD | avoidance of situations that trigger recall of the event |
| Affective Symptoms of PTSD | problematic relationships or emotional distancing |
| Anti Social Personality Disorder | Lack “conscience”. Manipulative, charming, cruel and destructive. Seen in early childhood. Don’t conform to soc. norms. Lie. Impulsive. Irritable/aggressive. Disregard 4 safety of self/others. Lack of remorse (no conscience)/. Male to female ratio (3:1) |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | Characterized by intense “love/hate” interactions & attention seeking behaviors Mostly women 2% of population |
| Symptoms/Patterns/Behavior of BDP | Self-destructive behaviors Unstable self-image Reactivity of moood Intense anger History of abuse Intense fear of abandonment Impulsivity (spending, sex, substance, driving, eating) Feelings of emptiness |
| Dissociative Amnesia | Can’t remember period of time Can’t remember who you are Memory loss the only symptom Often selective loss surrounding traumatic events (around event) person still knows identity and most of their past Can also be global (who I am) loss of identity |
| Dissociative Fugue | Global amnesia with identity replacement leaves home develops a new identity apparently no recollection of former life called a ‘fugue state’ If fugue wears off old identity recovers new identity is totally forgotten |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | AKA “multiple personality disorder” 2 or more personalities in same person at different times. Often misdiagnosed as schiz. depression. Protective (can’t handle stress of trauma); allows them to separate self from traumatic event. (unaware of splitting) |
| Cause of DID | Pattern typically starts prior to age 10 (childhood) Most people with disorder are women Most report recall of torture or sexual abuse as children and show symptoms of PTSD since not all abused develop DID, might have predisposition |
| Treatment for DID | Goal: integrate and fuse identities into single, balanced personality through psychotherapy |
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