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Helping Relationship
PCC-HR-Helping Relationships
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Access Provision | Actions taken by an agency to ensure that its services are available to the target population |
| Accountability | 1) the duty of a professional to notify the public about its functions and methods and to provide assurances to its consumers that members of the profession meet certain standards of competence |
| Accountability 2 | 2) The condition of being answerable to the community, to one's consumers, or to supervisry groups |
| Active Crisis State | The fourth state of a crisis: It is characterized by disequilibrium and involves the following stages: physical and psycholgoical agitation, preoccupation with the events leading to the crisis, and a gradual return to a state of equilibruim. |
| Administration | Activities and skills geared toward making staff and processes in an organization operate in a way that achieves desired goals. |
| Advisory Board | Their role is to provide information, expert opinion, and recommendations to an organization about how the goals can be achieved. |
| Advocacy Model | Model of consultation in which the consultant attempts to contribute to large scale societal change by encouraging an organization's members to accept and acknowledge inherent gender, race, age, and class conflicet within the organization. |
| Anal Stage | Freud's second stage of psychosexual development (1-3 yrs), when pleasure is centered on the function of elimination. |
| Anecdotal Folder | Notes and records related to the client that are of interest to the counseling professional but do not belong in the more thorough cumulative folder |
| Anxiety | According to Freud, a state that results when the ego is unable to reconcile the incompatible demands of the id, superego, and reality. A state of "psychic distress" |
| Appropriation | The designation of funds to a specific group, agency or program. |
| Approval | A therapist response expressing agreement with a clinet's ideas, behaviors, or feelings. |
| Archetypes | In Jungian analytic theory, the structural components of the collective unconscious. These are inherited universal thought forms that create images orrecsponding to some aspect of reality. |
| Attending | Therapist response involving paying proper attention to the client. |
| Autonomous Practice | Those who practice professionally without being under the auspices orf an agency or other formal oranization. |
| Aversion Therapy | Behavior therapy technique used to eliminate a maladaptive behavior by pairing the behavior with a real or imagined aversive stimulus. |
| Awareness | The goal of Gestalt psychology and experiential therapies. Involves understanding oneself in the here-and-now, including understanding one's self-defeating tendencies. |
| Behavior Therapy | Therapies which view behavior as resulting from learning and direct their attention toward overt, observable, and measurable behaviors and events. |
| Behavioral Family Therapy | Type of family therapy defining the family's problem in overt behavioral terms and uses problem solving solutions acceptable to all members. |
| Behavioral Model | Model of consultation in which changes in the skills and behavior of the consultee or the consultee's clients are emphasized. |
| Biofeedback | The use of an apparatus to provide feedback to individuals about physiological responses that are usually unobservable. |
| Board of Directors | A group of individuals that establishes an organization's policies and objectives and supervises the activities of personnel charged with implementing those policies. |
| Boundaries | The abstract emotional barriers protecting or enhancing the integrity of individuals, subsystems, and families. |
| Bureaucracy | The formal organization, with specific tasks, goals and a clearly defined hierarchy. |
| Case Conference | A meeting of professional staff and others to discuss a client's problems, objectives, intervention plans, and prognoses. |
| Case Integration | Involves coordinating the activities of all providers who are serving the needs of one client. |
| Case Management | Involves planning, seeking, and monitoring services from different social agencies and staff on behalf of the client. |
| Catharsis (Abreaction) | Term used by Freud to describe a patient's expression of repressed emotion (i.e. the release of strangulated affect) |
| Cathexis | Investment (concentration) of psychic energy onto an object, idea, etc. |
| Centrifugal Family | Family in which sources of gratification are seen as existing outside rather than inside the family. |
| Centripetal Family | Family that feels family members hod a greater promise for the fulfillment of crucial relationship needs that the outside world. |
| Chaining | A type of learning involving the association of responses such that each resonse acts as the stimulus for the following response. Used by Watson and Skinner to explain the learning of complex behaviors. |
| Circular Causality | Systems theory term referring to the non-linera, recursive nature of interactions in families and other organized systems, where events are related through a series of interacting loops or repeating cycles. |
| Clarification | Therapist response designed to clarify a confusing part of a client's message. |
| Classical conditioning | A type of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (US), through repeated pairing with a stimulu (CS) that elicits a certain response (CR), eventually elicits the response itself (UR). Also known as respondent of Pavlovian conditioning. |
| Client-Centered Therapy | Type of therapy, (described by Carl Rogers), based on the belief that the individual's inherent ptential for growth and improvement can be released by certain conditions: accurate empathy, genuineness (congruence), & unconditional positive regard. |
| Closed-Ended Questions | Interview questions which define a topic, but limit a clinet's answers to factual or yes/no responses. |
| Closed System | A family system in whcih hones self-expression is viewed as deviant and differences are treated as dangerous. |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies | Therapies which recognize the basic conditioning factors that form behavior but also emphasize the role of cognitivie mediation in the development and maintenance of behavior. |
| Cognitive Therapy | A type of cognitive-behavior therapy (Beck) which views dysfunctional behavior as resulting from maladaptive thinking and emphasizes the empirical evaluation of treatment principles and techniques. |
| Collaboration | Two or more professionals working together to serve a client (who may be an individual, family, group, community, or population) |
| Collaborative Therapy | Method of therapy in which different therapists treat individual family members. |
| Collective Unconscious | According to Jung, the part of the unconscious containint memories accumulated throughout the history of the human race. |
| communications Family Therapy | Approach to family therapy which emphasizes the role of family interacts (expecially communications) underlying pathology. |
| Complementary Communication | According to Jackson, interactions based on different levels of relating and can possibly lead to rigidity or frustration. |
| Complementary Relationships | Dyadic relationships based on differences which fit together. |
| Concurrent Therapy | Early effort in marital therapy, in which an individual therapist treated each spouse separately. |
| Conflict Managment | Involves four basic steps: recongize the conflict; assess the conflict; select a strategy; and intervene. |
| Confrontation | An honest or constructive reaction by the therapist to an element of the client's behavior. |
| Congruent Communication | Communication in which two or more messages are sent via different levels, but none of the messages seriously contradicts any of the others. |
| Conjoing Family Therapy | Involves a single therapist treating the marriage or family by seeing both spouses together (or the whole family) in the same session. |
| Consultation | The use of a specialist in a praticular area to help with a work-related problem |
| Contingency Contract | A technique primarily associated with bheavioral family therapy involving an agreement between two or more persons regarding the behavior change expected by one or all of the parties and the resulting consequences if the agreement is or not honored. |
| Contingency Theory | Fiedler's theory of leadership effectiveness, which proposes that leadership effectiveness is related to an interaction of the leader's style and the nature of the situation. |
| Continuing Education | Training proided to individuals who are already professionals but seek to update their skills and/or knowlege in their field. |
| Contracting | In counseling, assigning a client to perform a task learned in counseling outside the session. |
| Conversion | Defense mechanism in which an emotional conflict or anxiety is transformed into a physical symptom. |
| Counterconditioning | The elimination of a conditioned response through the learning of a new, incompatible response. |
| Counertransference | In psychoanalysis, the analyst's unconscious emotional responses to the client. |
| Couples Group | Method of family therapy that treats a number of unrelated couples in the same therapy group. |
| Convert Sensitization | A type of aversive conditioning in which the client imagines engaging in the target bheavior while simultaneously imagining an aversive stimulus. |
| Cumulative Folder | A client's records relevant to counseling. |
| Decentralization | The delegation of responsibilities and activities by the leadership level of an organization to lower-level organization members who are closer to the problem or activity. |
| Defense Mechanisms | According to psychoanalytic theory, the mechanisms used ty the ego to prevent conscious awareness of anxiety-producing impulses, thoughts, desires, etc. |
| Detriangulation | (Bowen's family therapy) When a relationship becomes too intense or too distant, opposing members seek to join with the same person against the other, forcing the third party to alternate loyalties between the two. |
| Differential Reinforcement for other Behaviors (DRO) | Behavioral technique in which the target bheavior is decreased by consistently reinforcing all behaviors except the target behavior. |
| Differentiation | According to Bowen, the separation of the intellect and emotion allowing an individual family member to resist being overwhelmed by the emotional states of other family members. |
| Directive | A therapeutic technique used to teach clients how to bheave differently, while actively involving the therapist in the family. |
| Disengagement | According to Minuchin, the psychological isolation that results when there are strong, impenetrable, or rigid boundaries between individuals or subsytems in a family. |
| Displacement | Defense mechanism in which hostile or otherwise unacceptable impulses are discharged by expressing them toward a neutral or nonthreatening target rather than the original target. |
| Doctor-Patient Model | Model of consultation in which the consultant looks over the problem area of an oragization, makes a diagnosis, and prescribes the means for a cure. |
| Double-Bind Communication | A set of contradictory communications from the same person. |
| Ego | According to Freud, the aspect of the personality associated with reational thought. The ego relies on the reality principle to mediate between the id, the superego, and external reality. |
| Ego Psychologists | Psychoanalytic psychologists who emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of the ego, have a more optimistic view of humankind than Freud, and reject Freud's biological, instinctual emphasis on personality development. |
| Ego Strength | In psychodynamic theory, the amount of psychic energy available to an individual for resolving internal conflict, problem-solving, and defencing agains distress. |
| Empathy | The ability to perceive, understand, and experience the emotional state of another person |
| Empathic Responding | Communication skill used throughout the conseling process to initiate rapport, maintain therapeutic relationship, and enable the therapist to move towards confronting a client's problematic issues. |
| Enmeshed Boundaries | According to Minuchin, a family is enmeshed when there are diffuse psychological boundaries between subsystems and between individuals. |
| Equifinality | A term associated with general systems theory which states that, no matter where one enters the system, the patterning will be the same. |
| Equipotentiality | General systems theory concept that one cause may produce different results. |
| Evaluation Research | The systematic assessment of a program's outcome. |
| Existential Anxiety | The anxiety associated with fear of risks which accompany the process of accepting and increasing personal freedom and achieving self-actualization. |
| Existentialism | A school of philosophy focusing on human existence, as opposed to abstract, impersonal, and rationally behaving systems. |
| Existential Neurosis | Maladaptive mode of living resulting from the inability to cope with existential anxiety. Characterized by avoidance and denial of personal responsibility and the non-acceptance of human free will. |
| Existential Psychotherapy | Method of psychotherapy developed by Rollo May and based on existentialism. Involves complete empathy with clients as a means of bringing them to full understanding of life's meaning as they perceive it, a means of reducing fear of risks. |
| Extended Family | Two or more nuclear families affiliated by blood ties over at least three generations. |
| Extended Family Systems Therapy | Therapy which combines various strategies in a context involving all the significant people in a person's life. |
| Extinction (Classical conditioning) | In classical conditioning, the decay of a conditioned response as a result of the repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus withoug the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Extinction (Operant conditioning) | In operant conditioning, the elimination of a response or behavior as the result of removal of reinforcemtn. |
| Family Life Cycle | A longitudinal view of a family's development including both expected and unexpected or trumatic phases. |
| Family Map | Associated with structural family therapy. Refers to a symbolic representation of family structure, created from the therapist's observations of a family. It reflects the arrangement of family members around issues of concern. |
| Family Myths | Beliefs shared by all family members concerning each other and their relative positions in the family. |
| Family Of Origin | The origingal nuclear family of an adult; and adult's parents and sibling. Bowenian family therapy is sometimes referred to as family of origin therapy. |
| Family of Procreation | The family an individual establishes through marriage and reproduction. |
| Family Projective Process | Associated with extended family systems therapy. Refers to the process by which parental conflicts and emotional immaturity are transmitted (projected) onto the children. |
| Family Rituals | Regular, predictable behaviors of the family that have a sense of rightness about them. |
| Family rules | According to Satir, family rules, either overt or unconscious, illustrate family values. These rules determine the ongoing behavior of the members in the system. |
| Feelings of Inferiority | According to Adler, "to be a human being means to feel oneself inferior." Adler believed feelings of inferiority are primary determiners of personality development. |
| First-Order Change | In systems theory, those superficial changes in a system which leave unaltered the fundamental organization of the system. |
| Fixation | In psychoanalysis, the notion that psychosexual development can be arrested at a particular stage such that the personality becomes structured around the unresolved conflicts of that stage. |
| Flooding | A classical extinction techniques that involves exposing the individual in vivo or in imagination to high anxiety-arousing stimuli. |
| Free Association | Psychoanalytic technique in which the client expores his or her unconscious conflicts by spontaneously expressing whatever comes to mind. |
| Focusing Responses | Interview technique used to keep the conversation from wandering or jumping from one subject to another. |
| Formative Evaluation | Assessment of a program as it is being developed; viewed as less threatening than summative evaluation because it results in a modification of a program rather than a continuation or termination. |
| Funding | Allotment of money to an organization for program implementation during a specified time period. |
| Furthering Responses | Interview tecnique used to convey an interest in and attention to what clients are saying and encourage them to continue verbalizing. |
| Fusion | Associated with Bowen's work. Refers to the blurring of intellectual and emotionl boundaries between the self and others srising out of an overly strong emotional attachment. |
| Games (Transactional Analysis) | A series of transactions with a set of ulterior, concealed payoffs. Games are common rituals and serve to inhibit the development of intimacy. |
| Games (Satir) - Rescue Games | One family member placates, one blames or disagrees, and one is a distractor, making inappropriate, non-relevant statemtns. |
| Games (Satir) - Coalition Games | Two people agree while one disagrees, or two disagree while one agrees. It requires some disturbed behavior to comply with this rule. |
| Games (Satir) - Lethal Games | Everybody placates and agress at the expense of their own needs. This game is characteristic of families with psychosomatic illness. |
| Games (Satir) - Growth Games | Each person includes self and others in interactions. People can either agree or disagree, according to their own experiential reality, and still remain a part of the system. |
| Genital Stage | Freud's fifth state of psychosexual development when sexual gratification is achieved through sexual intercourse. |
| General Systems Theory | Theory that the "whole" can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components. |
| Genogram | In family therapy, a schematic diagram of the family system including at least three generations. The genogram maps for the therapist, and the family, recurring patterns of behavior, and includes critical events such as death, births, & rites of passage. |
| Gestalt | A meaningful, organized whole |
| Gestalt Therapy | Form of therapy based on the concepts of gestalt psychology (figure/ground relationships, the "whole is greater than the sum of its parts") emphasizing here-and-now awareness of personal thoughts, sensations, and feelings. |
| Grant | A transfer of money or other assets from a government, organization, or person to another organization or person so that the latter can achieve a particular purpose. |
| Hawthorne Effect | The concept that organizationl change, regardless of its intent or content, produces a positive effect on worker motivation and/or performance. |
| Hazardous Event | The first stage of crisis. A stressful circumstance disrupting an individual's equilibrium and initiates a series of actions and reactions. |
| Here-and-Now | Refers to the need for clients to focus on the present, enriching current experiences, and living each moment to its fullest. |
| Homeostasis | The self-maintenance of a system in a state of equilibrium or balance by reducing deviation so the system maintains status quo. Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback. |
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