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VCE Psychology 3&4
AOS 1 - Learning and the Neural Basis of Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Developmental Plasticity? | The brain's natural ability (especially during infancy) to form new connections in order to process sensory information from environmental stimulation |
| What is the Plasticity of the Brain? | It is the brains' flexibility and ability to adjust |
| What is Synaptogenesis? | The rapid increase of the total number of synapses (increases tenfold in the first year of life) |
| What is the Sensitive Period in terms of learning? | A period of time when an organism is more responsive to certain environmental stimuli or experiences |
| What is Experience-Dependant Learning? | Learning that is dependant on exposure to specific experiences at any stage in development |
| What is Experience-Expectant Learning? | Learning that occurs through an experience that takes place and that the brain is expecting |
| What is the Critical Period in learning? | The specific period during which an organism is most vulnerable to the absence of certain stimuli or experiences |
| Define "Learning" | A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience |
| The mating dance of a bird is an example of... | A fixed-action pattern |
| How do you know if Learning has taken place? | We know learning has taken place by noting modifications in the responses of the organism to stimuli provided by the environment |
| Define "Reflex" | Is an AUTOMATIC and INVOLUNTARY behaviour that dies not require prior experience and occurs the same way each time |
| Name 3 Newborn Reflexes | 1. Sucking 2. Grasping 3. Rooting |
| What are Fixed-Action Patterns? | They are an innate series of movements or behaviours that occur in almost all members of a species |
| Which species are Fixed-action Patterns more common? | They are more common in lower order species such as insects and smaller vertebrates |
| Define "Maturation" | A developmental process towards maturity, based on the orderly sequence of changes that occur in the nervous system and other bodily structures controlled by genes |
| What role does the the Hippocampus play in Learning? | It sorts new declarative information and links to lobes (such as occipital for visual memory and written words) |
| Define "Conditioning" | It is the process of learning associations between a stimulus in the environment (one event) and a behavioral response (another event) |
| Define "Classical Conditioning" | A simple form of learning which occurs through repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli |
| Who was the Scientist/Psychologist most famous for their research into Classical Conditioning? | Ivan Pavlov |
| Define "The Neutral Stimulus" | The name given to the Conditioned Stimulus before it becomes conditioned |
| Define "The Conditioned Stimulus" | The stimulus that is neutral at the beginning, but eventually causes a response because of the association with the unconditioned |
| Define "The Unconditioned Stimulus" | Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular response (Stage 1 only) |
| Define "The Unconditioned Response" | A response which occurs automatically when the UCS is present |
| Define "The Condition Response" | The behaviour which is identical to the UCR but happens after aquisition |
| Define "Extinction" (in relation to Classical Conditioning) | When the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is no longer presented with the Conditioned Stimulus(CS) |
| Define "Spontaneous Recovery" | It occurs after extinction and if the |
| Define "Stimulus Generalisation" | When an organism will respond by producing a CR to stimuli that is similar to the CS |
| Define "Stimulus Discrimination" | When the organism will only respond to the CS and no other stimuli |
| What is Flooding? | Direct contact with the anxiety or fear producing stimuli |
| Define "Aversion Therapy" | Blocking and undesirable behaviour by associating it with an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus such as pain; disgust; nausea |
| What is "Operant Conditioning"? | It is a type of learning in which consequences that follow a response determine whether the response is likely to be repeated |
| Define "Operant" | Any response that acts on the environment to produce some kind of consequence |
| What is Operant Conditioning also known as? | Instrumental Learning |
| What is the 3 Step Process of Operant Conditioning? | 1. Discimative Stimulus (Antecedent) 2. Response (Behaviour) 3. Consequence |
| What is the Discrimative Stimulus? | The stimulus (event/object) that precedes a particular response, signals the probable consequence and influences of the response |
| What is the Response? | It is the VOLUNTARY behaviour that occurs in the presence of the Discrimative stimulus |
| What is the Consequence? | It is the environmental event caused by the Response which is caused by the Discrimative Stimulus |
| Define "Reinforcement" | Any stimulus (event or action) that subsequently or increases or decreases the likelihood of the response (behaviour) that is follows |
| What is "Positive Reinforcement"? | A stimulus which strengthens a response by providing a pleasant or satisfying consequence |
| What is "Negative Reinforcement"? | A stimulus that strengthens a response by the REDUCTION, removal or prevention of an unpleasant stimulus |
| What is "Positive Punishment"? | Delivery of a stimulus following an undesirable behaviour |
| What is "Negative Punishment"? | The removal of a stimulus following an undesired response |
| What is the "Order of Presentation"? | The presentation of the |
| What is the "Schedule of Reinforcement"? | Plan for how often a learnt response response is reinforcement (can be Continuous or Partial) |
| What is a Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement? | When the individual always receives reward after giving correct responses |
| What is a Partial Schedule of Reinforcement? | Only some of correct responses are rewarded (it is unpredictable) |
| What is "Fixed Ratio"? | It is a set consequence after a certain number of correct responses |
| How effective is "Fixed Ratio"? | It is most effective during acquisition |
| What is "Variable ratio"? | A changing and unpredictable consequence after correct responses |
| How effective is "Variable Ratio"? | Highly effective and highly resistant to extinction |
| What is "Fixed Interval"? | It is a set consequence after a certain amount of time has elapsed |
| How effective is "Fixed Interval"? | Moderately effective but inconsistent |
| What is "Variable Interval"? | A changing and unpredictable consequence after a time has elapsed (eg. Fishing) |
| How effective is "Variable Interval"? | Low but inconsistent |
| Define "Shaping" | It is a procedure in which a reinforcer is given for a response that successively approximates and ultimately leads to the desired response or target behaviour |
| What is "Token Economy"? | It is a setting in which an individual receives a token (reinforcer) for a desired behaviour |
| What is "Observational Learning"? | It is learning by watching or listening to someone else |
| What are the 5 Steps of Observational Learning? | 1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Reproduction 4. Motivation 5. Reinforcement |
| What are 3 types of Observational Learning? | 1. Physical Routine 2. Socially Appropriate Behaviour 3. Emotional Responses |
| Define "Attention" (in relation to Observational Learning)? | The observer actively watching and paying attention to the Model and what the Model is doing |
| Define "Retention" (in relation to Observational Learning)? | The observers ability to make a mental representation |
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StormRider15
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