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internal regulation
internal regulation for biological psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) | inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the areas of the hypothalamus that regulate feeding |
| Aldosterone | adrenal hormone that causes the kidneys to conserve sodium when excreting urine |
| Allostasis | adaptive way in which the body changes its set points in response to changes in its life or changes in the environment |
| Angiotensin II | hormone that constricts the blood vessels, contributing to hypovolemic thirst |
| Anorexia nervosa | condition characterized by unwillingness to eat, severe weight loss, and sometimes death |
| Arcuate nucleus | hypothalamic area with one set of neurons sensitive to hunger signals and another sensitive to satiety signals |
| Basal metabolism | rate of energy use while the body is at rest, used largely for maintaining a constant body temperature |
| Bulimia nervosa | condition characterized by alternation between dieting and overeating |
| Carnivores | animals that eat meat |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | hormone released by the duodenum in response to food distention |
| Conditioned taste aversions | learned avoidance of a food whose consumption is followed by illness |
| Cytokines | chemicals released by the immune system that attack infections and communicate with the brain to elicit anti-illness behaviors |
| Duodenum | part of the small intestine adjoining the stomach; the first part of the digestive system that absorbs food |
| Ghrelin | chemical released by stomach during food deprivation; also released as a neurotransmitter in the brain, where it stimulates eating |
| Glucagon | pancreatic hormone that stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose |
| Herbivores | animals that eat plants |
| Homeostasis | tendency to maintain a variable, such as temperature, within a fixed range |
| Homeothermic | maintaining nearly constant body temperature over a wide range of environmental temperatures |
| Hypovolemic thirst | thirst provoked by low blood volume |
| Insulin | pancreatic hormone that facilitates the entry of glucose into the cells |
| Lactase | enzyme necessary for lactose metabolism |
| Lactose | the sugar in milk |
| Lateral hypothalamus | area of the hypothalamus that is important for the control of eating and drinking |
| Lateral preoptic area | portion of the hypothalamus that includes some cells that facilitate drinking and some that inhibit it, as well as passing axons that are important for osmotic thirst |
| Leptin | peptide released by fat cells; tends to decrease eating, partly by inhibiting release of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus |
| Melanocortin | type of chemical that promotes satiety in the hypothalamus |
| Negative feedback | in homeostasis, processes that reduce discrepancies from the set point |
| Neuropeptide Y (NPY) | peptide found in the brain, especially the hypothalamus; it inhibits activity of the paraventricular nucleus and thereby increases meal size |
| Omnivores | animals that eat both meat and plants |
| Osmotic pressure | tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of high solute concentration |
| Osmotic thirst | thirst that results from an increase in the concentration of solutes in the body |
| OVLT (organum vasculosum laminae terminalis) | brain structure on the border of the third ventricle, highly sensitive to the osmotic pressure of the blood |
| Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) | area of the hypothalamus in which activity tends to limit meal size and damage leads to excessively large meals |
| Poikilothermic | maintaining the body at the same temperature as the environment |
| Preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH) | brain area important for temperature control |
| Set point | level at which homeostatic processes maintain a variable |
| Sham-feeding | procedure in which everything that an animal swallows leaks out a tube connected to the esophagus or stomach |
| Sodium-specific hunger | enhanced preference for salty tastes during a period of sodium deficiency |
| Splanchnic nerves | nerves carrying impulses from the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord to the digestive organs and from the digestive organs to the spinal cord; they convey information about the nutrient content of food in the digestive system |
| Subfornical organ (SFO) | brain structure adjoining the third ventricle of the brain, where its cells monitor blood volume and relay information to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus |
| Supraoptic nucleus | one of two areas of the hypothalamus that controls secretion of vasopressin |
| Vagus nerve (tenth cranial nerve) | has branches to and from the stomach and several other organs; it conveys information about the stretching of the stomach walls |
| Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) | pituitary hormone that raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water and therefore to secrete highly concentrated urine |
| Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) | region of the hypothalamus in which damage leads to faster stomach emptying and increased secretion of insulin |
Created by:
jondoh
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